Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica oliv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

Daily variation of carbon flux in soils of Populus euphratica forests in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River

In order to lucubrate the daily variation of respiration in soils of Populus euphratica forests and analyze its relationship with environmental factors in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River, the LI-8100 instrument of soil CO2 flux system was used to measure the parameters of soil carbon flux and air temperature 10 cm above ground surface along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, and the relationships between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content were analyzed. The nonlinear regression analysis was carried out with the software SPSS13.0. We observed that: (1) soil respiration began to be restrained when the air temperature was up to 30℃ 10 cm above the ground surface; (2) the rates of soil respiration under the forests of Populus euphratica were significantly different at various moisture contents, the soil carbon flux was high along the Usyman profile,which has a high soil moisture content, and it was low along the profiles of Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, which has a low soil moisture content; (3) the exponential model can be used to explain the relationship between soil respiration and air temperature 10 cm above the ground surface. The average Q10 values along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday are 0.61, 0.16, 0.22 and 0.35 respectively, much lower than the average of the world; (4) there is a positive correlation between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content     

Daily variation of carbon flux in soils of Populus euphratica forests in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River

In order to lucubrate the daily variation of respiration in soils of Populus euphratica forests and analyze its relationship with environmental factors in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River, the LI-8100 instrument of soil CO2 flux system was used to measure the parameters of soil carbon flux and air temperature 10 cm above ground surface along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, and the relationships between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content were analyzed. The nonlinear regression analysis was carried out with the software SPSS13.0. We observed that: (1) soil respiration began to be restrained when the air temperature was up to 30℃10 cm above the ground surface; (2) the rates of soil respiration under the forests of Populus euphratica were significantly different at various moisture contents, the soil carbon flux was high along the Usyman profile, which has a high soil moisture content, and it was low along the profiles of Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, which has a low soil moisture content; (3) the exponential model can be used to explain the relationship between soil respiration and air temperature 10 cm above the ground surface. The average Q10 values along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday are 0. 61, 0.16, 0. 22 and 0. 35 respectively, much lower than the average of the world; (4) there is a positive correlation between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content.     

Assessment of water-recharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

Assessment of waterrecharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

Physiological response of Tamarix ramosissima under water stress along the lower reaches of Tarim River

Tarim River within the boundaries of Xinjiang is the longest inland river in China and its overall length is 2300 km (the main stream is 1321 km). Because of the increasing population in the region and large-scale ex- ploitation of water and soil resource…     

Effects of water treatments on the activation of soil seed banks - A case study on the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Evaluation of seedling emergence is a common method used to investigate the vegetation restoration potential of soil seed banks. Previous studies have primarily been conducted in the laboratory using a single water treatment. However, when this method is used, it is difficult to optimize the water conditions for the needs of the individual species of seeds. Additionally, the germination conditions for seedlings in the laboratory are different from those in nature. To avoid these issues, we conducted experiments to activate soil seed banks in the field using different water treatments. The results revealed that: (1) generally, the number of species and quantity of seedlings decrease gradually as the water supply decreases, but that for several species most seedlings did not appear when they were provided with the greatest amount of water, and (2) different species present different germination characteristics. According to the rate of seedling emergence, the species were classified into two germination types: fast and slow. In addition, each species also had a unique climax period of emergence, which was delayed with a decrease in water supply. Therefore, the amount of water provided is vital to seedling emergence, and various water treatments should be evaluated when studying the characteristics of different species in soil seed banks. For the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the optimal soil moisture for seedling emergence ranged from 23% to 28%, and seedling conservation should be strengthened during the climax period of emergence (9-15 days from the day when water became available). These results highlight the importance of the use of an optimal water treatment and demonstrate the danger of using a single treatment method. Our results also emphasize the need for a preliminary study prior to conducting studies to evaluate seed banks.     

长江中下游的河床纵剖面演变分析及预测

为预测长江中下游河床纵剖面的演变趋势,利用最小能耗率理论计算了该江段的平衡河床纵剖面,研究了这些河段河床演变规律及其未来的变化。分析了长江水库拦沙、河道采砂、近期水沙变化、未来引水及需水量增长等因素。结果表明,长江中下游河床纵剖面还未达到动态平衡,大部分江段以淤积为主。在没有人类活动影响下,达到动态平衡还需要很长一段时间。由于引水和需水量的增长,未来长江中下游达到动态平衡需要淤积更多的泥沙。     

盐旱胁迫对塔里木河下游三种植物幼苗根系解剖结构的影响

文章以塔里木河下游荒漠环境中三种豆科植物的幼苗为研究对象,观测盐旱胁迫对铃铛刺、疏叶骆驼刺、胀果甘草生长的影响,并采用石蜡切片法观察了盐旱胁迫后幼苗根解剖结构的变化。结果表明：盐旱胁迫下3种豆科植物的株高呈递减变化,根解剖结构中皮层厚度变薄、维管柱变厚。综合评价3种豆科植物的耐盐抗旱能力：甘草＞铃铛刺＞骆驼刺。作为塔里木下游荒漠植物优势种,可为塔里木河下游生态恢复植物耐盐抗旱能力的研究提供理论基础。     

The utilization of water resources and its variation tendency in Tarim River Basin

Water resources efficient utilization is the key to ecological improvement and economic development in Tarim River Basin. It is necessary to analyze the water resources utilization and its variation tendency in the whole river basin. Based on the monitored data and formation at eight meteorological stations and fifteen hydrological stations, the method of time series, regression analysis are applied to analyzing the water resources utilization and variation trend in the headstreams and mainstream areas especially in recent 10 years. The quantitative results indicate that inflows of the headstream areas have an increasing trend to different extent in the past 40 years. The runoff increasing trend is more significant from1994 to 2002, which show the water resources condition in the headstreams is at an advantage. However, under the condition of water increase with the volume of 25×10^8 m^3 in headstreams in recent 10 years, the mainstream water flowing from the headstreams has increased less than 0.9985×10^8 m^3. In addition, the runoff at the different hydrologic stations along the Tarim River has a significant linear de- creasing trend. It is shown that the degraded trend of ecological environment in the mainstream areas hardly changes even if the Tarim River Basin is in the special water period for ten consecutive years.     

雅鲁藏布江中下游地区湿季降雨量的空间分布模型

对于水文气象站点稀少的青藏高原山区,获得较为精确的降雨空间分布信息是进行降雨径流模拟的前提。该文利用GIS手段和多元回归方法,建立了雅鲁藏布江中下游地区旱、偏旱、正常、偏涝、涝等5种类型年份的湿季(5—9月)降雨量的空间分布模型。结果显示:多种地理地形因子对湿季降雨空间分布均有重要影响。统计分析表明:(1)雅鲁藏布江中下游流域地形复杂、降雨站点稀少,回归分析中的地理、地形因子共线性问题突出,方差扩大因子法、Pear-son相关系数法和因子分析法的组合应用是识别和解决共线性问题的有效方法;(2)影响湿季降雨的局部地形因子表达存在着最优空间尺度,15—25km半径范围内的平均坡度、平均坡向、开放度值与降雨也有较高相关性,但考虑其他局部地形因子后,开放度对降雨空间分布的影响可以忽略。     

Analysis on river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yantze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landform, large mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River. Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the causes for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50099620) Biography: ZHONG Xiang-hao (1942-), male, researcher, research direction: mountain environment and ecology.     

生态输水工程对塔里木河中下游地区地下水循环特征的影响

利用环境同位素技术结合水化学特征,对塔里木河中下游地区生态输水影响下地下水循环规律进行监测分析。结果显示:塔里木河中下游各断面地下水p H值变化不大,矿化度和各离子差异明显,地下水水样以Na+、Cl+占绝对优势;矿化度较低的断面其离子浓度变化较小,反之,矿化度高的断面其离子浓度变化幅度较大;塔里木河中游δ2H和δ18O变化趋势基本一致,随着距河道距离的增大,δ18O的值呈增大趋势,下游H、O同位素变化波动较大,下游各样点距河道最近处(即50m处)H、O同位素最小,随着距河道距离的增大,H、O同位素亦呈增大趋势变化;塔里木河中下游地下水、地表水中δ2H和δ18O之间均呈明显的线性关系,中游地表水补给是地下水的主要来源;下游地下水中H、O同位素则普遍高于地表水,说明水体受到严重的蒸发作用,导致同位素富集外,也说明存在地下水对河水的补给。     

Large-scale atmospheric singularities and summer long-cycle droughts-floods abrupt alternation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The summer droughts and floods in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (MLYRV) have often been one of the basic contents of the pre- cipitation forecasting during the flooding period in China. Lots of studies suggest that summer rainfa…     

塔里木河下游生态输水对当地经济影响实证研究

文章采用随机抽样问卷调查、入户访问和统计资料相结合方法,塔里木河对下游输水后农牧民经济收入和当地经济变化进行研究。调查结果表明：90％以上的被调查者赞同生态输水带来了明显的经济利益,至少76％的农户家庭收入在输水后得到不同程度的增加,农牧民家庭收入增加更显著。随着输水后放牧数量增加193％,平均家庭收入相应增加了近2倍,人均收入提高了181％;96％的居民认为地方经济发展与生态输水有关。输水后两团场农林牧渔业生产年平均产值提高了141％,实际播种面积也增加18％。问卷调查的民意结果充分说明生态输水在改善生态环境的同时,给当地农牧民带来了可观的经济收入,并在一定程度上促进了当地经济的发展,突现出塔里木河下游生态输水的社会经济效益。     

新疆塔里木河湿地保护和建设的研究

新疆塔里木河湿地是我国最长的内陆河流湿地,是多种鸟类栖息与多种候鸟迁徙中转、繁殖的重要区域.本文对塔里木河湿地的基本特征、生态功能、近代变化和其保护与建设的现实意义进行了研究,指出应该重视科学研究,拯救珍稀濒危物种,并提出了相应对策.     

岷江上游居民点分布格局及影响因子分析

为了研究岷江上游居民点格局及其影响因子,利用1：25万基础地理信息数据和统计数据,在G1S的支持F,对居民点空间格局以及影响因子进行了较为深入的研究。结果表明：（1）研究区大散居、小聚居的农村居民点特征显著。（2）居民点分布主要集中在河流与道路的两侧,属于典型的高山峡谷地带居民点分布;居民点离散特征不显著。（3）居民点分布与海拔存在一种非线性的关系。研究成果为进一步分析人口的分布格局与人口数据空间化;实现生态避耕,区域景观格局优化以及区域可持续发展提供重要的依据。     

黄河三门峡建库前后44年下游河道冲淤变化特征分析

对三门峡建库前后44年下游河道的冲淤变化特征作了全面系统地分析研究。黄河下游河道逐年淤高，原因是来水少、来沙多，超过河床输沙能力所致，下游河床只适应于平均含沙量50kg／m3左右的洪水。本研究可为下游防洪、河道整治以及小浪底水库运用方式提供科学依据。     

Distribution Regularity of Debris Flow and Its Hazard in Upper Reaches of Yangtze River and Other Rivers of Southwestern China

In the upper reaches of Yangtze River and other rivers of southwestern China, the debris flows develop and lead to most serious disasters because of the various landforms, complex geological structures and abundant rainfall. The distribution of debris flows has regularity in the regions with different landform, geological structure, and precipitation. The regularities of distribution of debris flows are as following： （1） distributed in transition belts of different morphologic regions; （2） distributed in the area with strong stream trenching; （3） distributed along fracture zones and seismic belts： （4） distributed in the area with abundant precipitation; （5） distribution of debris flow is azonal. The activity of abundant debris flows not only brings harm to Towns, Villages and Farmlands, Main Lines of Communication, Water-Power Engineering, Stream Channels etc., but also induces strong water and soil loss. According to the present status of debris flow prevention, the problems in disasters mitigation and soil conservancy are found out, and the key works are brought up for the future disasters prevention and soil conservancy.     

Analysis on Landscape Pattern in the Upper and Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River：Taking Zhongba County, Angren County, Rikaze City as Example

Taking Zhongba County, Angren County, Rikaze City located at the Upper and Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River as landscape units , this paper studied the difference of the landscape pattern under various degrees of human disturbance in the three areas. The results showed that： the three areas all reflected the same characteristic of landscape pattern in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the natural landscapes were in the absolute dominant position. However, from Zhangba to Rikaze, with human disturbance intensity increasing, anthropogenic features of landscapes became more and more outstanding, In Zhongba, the landscape structure appeared to be simpler with coarse grains and a less rich diversity, Conversely, in Rikaze, the landscape showed a complicated shape with finer grains and a relatively richer diversity, This reflected that the impact of human activities to natural landscape behaved a gradually-growing trend from the upper reach to the middle one of Yarlung Zangbo River Basin.