Interplay of magnetism and high-Tc superconductivity at individual Ni impurity atoms in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta.

Magnetic interactions and magnetic impurities are destructive to superconductivity in conventional superconductors. By contrast, in some unconventional macroscopic quantum systems (such as superfluid 3He and superconducting UGe2), the superconductivity (or superfluidity) is actually mediated by magnetic interactions. A magnetic mechanism has also been proposed for high-temperature superconductivity. Within this context, the fact that magnetic Ni impurity atoms have a weaker effect on superconductivity than non-magnetic Zn atoms in the high-Tc superconductors has been put forward as evidence supporting a magnetic mechanism. Here we use scanning tunnelling microscopy to determine directly the influence of individual Ni atoms on the local electronic structure of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. At each Ni site we observe two d-wave impurity states of apparently opposite spin polarization, whose existence indicates that Ni retains a magnetic moment in the superconducting state. However, analysis of the impurity-state energies shows that quasiparticle scattering at Ni is predominantly non-magnetic. Furthermore, we show that the superconducting energy gap and correlations are unimpaired at Ni. This is in strong contrast to the effects of non-magnetic Zn impurities, which locally destroy superconductivity. These results are consistent with predictions for impurity atom phenomena derived from a magnetic mechanism.     

Interplay of electron-lattice interactions and superconductivity in superconductivity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta

Formation of electron pairs is essential to superconductivity. For conventional superconductors, tunnelling spectroscopy has established that pairing is mediated by bosonic modes (phonons); a peak in the second derivative of tunnel current d2I/dV2 corresponds to each phonon mode. For high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductivity, however, no boson mediating electron pairing has been identified. One explanation could be that electron pair formation and related electron-boson interactions are heterogeneous at the atomic scale and therefore challenging to characterize. However, with the latest advances in d2I/dV2 spectroscopy using scanning tunnelling microscopy, it has become possible to study bosonic modes directly at the atomic scale. Here we report d2I/dV2 imaging studies of the high-T(c) superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. We find intense disorder of electron-boson interaction energies at the nanometre scale, along with the expected modulations in d2I/dV2 (refs 9, 10). Changing the density of holes has minimal effects on both the average mode energies and the modulations, indicating that the bosonic modes are unrelated to electronic or magnetic structure. Instead, the modes appear to be local lattice vibrations, as substitution of 18O for 16O throughout the material reduces the average mode energy by approximately 6 per cent--the expected effect of this isotope substitution on lattice vibration frequencies. Significantly, the mode energies are always spatially anticorrelated with the superconducting pairing-gap energies, suggesting an interplay between these lattice vibration modes and the superconductivity.     

Imaging the effects of individual zinc impurity atoms on superconductivity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta

Although the crystal structures of the copper oxide high-temperature superconductors are complex and diverse, they all contain some crystal planes consisting of only copper and oxygen atoms in a square lattice: superconductivity is believed to originate from strongly interacting electrons in these CuO2 planes. Substituting a single impurity atom for a copper atom strongly perturbs the surrounding electronic environment and can therefore be used to probe high-temperature superconductivity at the atomic scale. This has provided the motivation for several experimental and theoretical studies. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) is an ideal technique for the study of such effects at the atomic scale, as it has been used very successfully to probe individual impurity atoms in several other systems. Here we use STM to investigate the effects of individual zinc impurity atoms in the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. We find intense quasiparticle scattering resonances at the Zn sites, coincident with strong suppression of superconductivity within approximately 15 A of the scattering sites. Imaging of the spatial dependence of the quasiparticle density of states in the vicinity of the impurity atoms reveals the long-sought four-fold symmetric quasiparticle 'cloud' aligned with the nodes of the d-wave superconducting gap which is believed to characterize superconductivity in these materials.     

Visualizing pair formation on the atomic scale in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta

Pairing of electrons in conventional superconductors occurs at the superconducting transition temperature T(c), creating an energy gap Delta in the electronic density of states (DOS). In the high-T(c) superconductors, a partial gap in the DOS exists for a range of temperatures above T(c) (ref. 2). A key question is whether the gap in the DOS above T(c) is associated with pairing, and what determines the temperature at which incoherent pairs form. Here we report the first spatially resolved measurements of gap formation in a high-T(c) superconductor, measured on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta samples with different T(c) values (hole concentration of 0.12 to 0.22) using scanning tunnelling microscopy. Over a wide range of doping from 0.16 to 0.22 we find that pairing gaps nucleate in nanoscale regions above T(c). These regions proliferate as the temperature is lowered, resulting in a spatial distribution of gap sizes in the superconducting state. Despite the inhomogeneity, we find that every pairing gap develops locally at a temperature T(p), following the relation 2Delta/k(B)T(p) = 7.9 +/- 0.5. At very low doping (< or =0.14), systematic changes in the DOS indicate the presence of another phenomenon, which is unrelated and perhaps competes with electron pairing. Our observation of nanometre-sized pairing regions provides the missing microscopic basis for understanding recent reports of fluctuating superconducting response above T(c) in hole-doped high-T(c) copper oxide superconductors.     

Microscopic electronic inhomogeneity in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x

The parent compounds of the copper oxide high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors are unusual insulators (so-called Mott insulators). Superconductivity arises when they are 'doped' away from stoichiometry. For the compound Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x, doping is achieved by adding extra oxygen atoms, which introduce positive charge carriers ('holes') into the CuO2 planes where the superconductivity is believed to originate. Aside from providing the charge carriers, the role of the oxygen dopants is not well understood, nor is it clear how the charge carriers are distributed on the planes. Many models of high-Tc superconductivity accordingly assume that the introduced carriers are distributed uniformly, leading to an electronically homogeneous system as in ordinary metals. Here we report the presence of an electronic inhomogeneity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x, on the basis of observations using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy. The inhomogeneity is manifested as spatial variations in both the local density of states spectrum and the superconducting energy gap. These variations are correlated spatially and vary on the surprisingly short length scale of approximately 14 A. Our analysis suggests that this inhomogeneity is a consequence of proximity to a Mott insulator resulting in poor screening of the charge potentials associated with the oxygen ions left in the BiO plane after doping, and is indicative of the local nature of the superconducting state.     

How Cooper pairs vanish approaching the Mott insulator in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta

The antiferromagnetic ground state of copper oxide Mott insulators is achieved by localizing an electron at each copper atom in real space (r-space). Removing a small fraction of these electrons (hole doping) transforms this system into a superconducting fluid of delocalized Cooper pairs in momentum space (k-space). During this transformation, two distinctive classes of electronic excitations appear. At high energies, the mysterious 'pseudogap' excitations are found, whereas, at lower energies, Bogoliubov quasi-particles-the excitations resulting from the breaking of Cooper pairs-should exist. To explore this transformation, and to identify the two excitation types, we have imaged the electronic structure of Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+delta) in r-space and k-space simultaneously. We find that although the low-energy excitations are indeed Bogoliubov quasi-particles, they occupy only a restricted region of k-space that shrinks rapidly with diminishing hole density. Concomitantly, spectral weight is transferred to higher energy r-space states that lack the characteristics of excitations from delocalized Cooper pairs. Instead, these states break translational and rotational symmetries locally at the atomic scale in an energy-independent way. We demonstrate that these unusual r-space excitations are, in fact, the pseudogap states. Thus, as the Mott insulating state is approached by decreasing the hole density, the delocalized Cooper pairs vanish from k-space, to be replaced by locally translational- and rotational-symmetry-breaking pseudogap states in r-space.     

Emergence of preformed Cooper pairs from the doped Mott insulating state in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta

Superconductors are characterized by an energy gap that represents the energy needed to break the pairs of electrons (Cooper pairs) apart. At temperatures considerably above those associated with superconductivity, the high-transition-temperature copper oxides have an additional 'pseudogap'. It has been unclear whether this represents preformed pairs of electrons that have not achieved the coherence necessary for superconductivity, or whether it reflects some alternative ground state that competes with superconductivity. Paired electrons should display particle-hole symmetry with respect to the Fermi level (the energy of the highest occupied level in the electronic system), but competing states need not show such symmetry. Here we report a photoemission study of the underdoped copper oxide Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+delta) that shows the opening of a symmetric gap only in the anti-nodal region, contrary to the expectation that pairing would take place in the nodal region. It is therefore evident that the pseudogap does reflect the formation of preformed pairs of electrons and that the pairing occurs only in well-defined directions of the underlying lattice.     

Harmonic mixing of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x intrinsic junction at millimeter waveband

Using intrinsic Josephson junctions in Ba₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x single crystal, harmonic frequency mixing at 8 and 3 mm wavebands was successfully demonstrated at liquid nitrogen temperatures with harmonic numbers up to 68 and 50 respectively. The dependences of intermediate frequency output on the local oscillator power and dc bias were carefully studied.     

Structural and microstructural transformations in Bi2Sr2Ca1 −xYxCu2O8 + y system

Conclusions With the substitution of Y for Ca in BSCYCO system, both the hole concentration and structure parameters change. The superconductor-nonsuperconductor transition at x_c = 0.4 is more sensitive to the structure transformation than the variation in the hole concentration. Microanalysis reveals an inhomogeneous substitution of Y for Ca. So a much sharper drop of T, is expected at transition point by ideal monophase samples of BSCYCO. A ratio of lattice constants c / o. 5 (a + b) is found to be a very good parameter of describing the SC-AF transition of ISCYCO, reflecting the degree of the localization of Cu-3d electrons on the CuOz plane.     

Fluctuating stripes at the onset of the pseudogap in the high-T(c) superconductor Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+x)

Doped Mott insulators have a strong propensity to form patterns of holes and spins often referred to as stripes. In copper oxides, doping also gives rise to the pseudogap state, which can be transformed into a high-temperature superconducting state with sufficient doping or by reducing the temperature. A long-standing issue has been the interplay between the pseudogap, which is generic to all hole-doped copper oxide superconductors, and stripes, whose static form occurs in only one family of copper oxides over a narrow range of the phase diagram. Here we report observations of the spatial reorganization of electronic states with the onset of the pseudogap state in the high-temperature superconductor Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+x), using spectroscopic mapping with a scanning tunnelling microscope. We find that the onset of the pseudogap phase coincides with the appearance of electronic patterns that have the predicted characteristics of fluctuating stripes. As expected, the stripe patterns are strongest when the hole concentration in the CuO(2) planes is close to 1/8 (per copper atom). Although they demonstrate that the fluctuating stripes emerge with the onset of the pseudogap state and occur over a large part of the phase diagram, our experiments indicate that the stripes are a consequence of pseudogap behaviour rather than its cause.     

溶胶-凝胶法快速制备Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy超导体粉末

采用络合物型溶胶-凝胶法,快速制备了高纯度的Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy(Bi-2212)超导体粉末.以金属硝酸盐为反应物,以乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)为络合剂制备了一次凝胶,并在此基础上进一步加热制备了二次凝胶.将自发燃烧后的一次凝胶和二次凝胶在850℃下烧结10 h.X射线衍射分析结果表明,上述两种工艺均能够获得Bi-2212相,但二次凝胶工艺更有利于Bi-2212超导单相的形成.     

化学溶液沉积Bi2Sr2Co2O8热电薄膜及其激光诱导电压效应研究

利用化学溶液沉积技术在LaAlO3（001）单晶基片上外延生长了Bi2Sr2Co2O8热电薄膜并对其激光诱导电压效应进行了研究．热电性能测试表明该外延薄膜的室温电阻率和塞贝克系数均可以和优质单晶样品相比拟．此外,实验发现当用308nm,532nm,1064nm及10．6gm的激光辐照生长在斜切LaAlO3上的Bi2Sr2Co2O8外延薄膜表面时,可以在薄膜中观测到很强的横向开路电压信号．分析认为当入射激光光子能量（308,532和1064nm激光输出）大于Bi2Sr2Co2O8禁带宽度时,在Bi2Sr2Co2O8外延薄膜中观测到的激光诱导横向开路电压信号源于该薄膜热电效应和光电效应的综合贡献;而当入射激光光子能量（10．6μm激光输出）小于Bi2Sr2Co208禁带宽度时,在Bi2Sr2Co2O8外延薄膜中观测到的激光诱导横向开路电压信号主要源于薄膜的热电效应．以上结果表明Bi2Sr2Co2O8热电薄膜不仅在热电器件领域而且在宽波段激光光探测器领域都具有潜在的应用前景．     

A multi-component Fermi surface in the vortex state of an underdoped high-Tc superconductor

To understand the origin of superconductivity, it is crucial to ascertain the nature and origin of the primary carriers available to participate in pairing. Recent quantum oscillation experiments on high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) copper oxide superconductors have revealed the existence of a Fermi surface akin to that in normal metals, comprising fermionic carriers that undergo orbital quantization. The unexpectedly small size of the observed carrier pocket, however, leaves open a variety of possibilities for the existence or form of any underlying magnetic order, and its relation to d-wave superconductivity. Here we report experiments on quantum oscillations in the magnetization (the de Haas-van Alphen effect) in superconducting YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6.51) that reveal more than one carrier pocket. In particular, we find evidence for the existence of a much larger pocket of heavier mass carriers playing a thermodynamically dominant role in this hole-doped superconductor. Importantly, characteristics of the multiple pockets within this more complete Fermi surface impose constraints on the wavevector of any underlying order and the location of the carriers in momentum space. These constraints enable us to construct a possible density-wave model with spiral or related modulated magnetic order, consistent with experimental observations.     

改变Sr3MgSi2O8中Mn2+/Eu2+的比例探讨其发光性能

单掺Mn2+在Sr3MgSi2O8中是不发光的,Mn2+的3d电子组态中的4T1(4G)→6A1(6S)是自旋禁阻的,对紫外光吸收很弱,所以Mn2+的红光发射依赖于Eu2+的激活,存在Eu2+对Mn2+的能量传递作用,改变Mn2+/Eu2+的比例不会使发射峰位发生变化,但Eu2+的460 nm的发光强度会随着Mn2+含量的增加而降低,且寿命会缩短.     

Dy掺杂Sr2Bi4Ti5O18陶瓷的介电性能

采用固相烧结工艺制备了Sr2Bi4-xDyxTi5O18(x=0，0．25)陶瓷样品，用X射线衍射对其微结构进行了分析，并测量了样品的铁电、介电性能．Sr2Bi.75Dy0.25Ti5O18样品的X射线谱上出现SrTiO3衍射峰，其介电损耗随温度的关系曲线上存在明显的弛豫损耗峰P1，该损耗峰的激活能为0．4eV，可以确定该峰是由氧空位引起的．结果表明：离子半径较小的Dy3 很难进入类钙钛矿层，造成样品中大量的A位空位，使得氧空位浓度增加．氧空位的存在会导致很强的畴钉扎，从而极化降低。     

Bi8V2O17颜料的制备及其基本特征

用粉末煅烧法和水悬浮液法研制了Bi8V2O17颜料．利用差热分析法确定制备工艺参数．产物用X射线衍射、扫描电镜(SEM)和激光粒度测试法进行物相鉴定、微观形貌观察和粒径测定．结合两种制备过程进行了颜料合成的异同比较及机制探讨．     

燃烧法合成Eu2+、Dy3+、Nd3+共掺杂的硅酸盐长余辉发光材料Sr2MgSi2O7和Sr2ZnSi2O7

采用燃烧法在600~800℃合成了Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2 、Dy3 、Nd3 ,Sr2ZnSi2O7:Eu2 、Dy3 、Nd3 和Sr2ZnSi2O7:Eu2 、Dy3 蓝色长余辉发光材料,对材料进行了XRD、TEM、激发和发射光谱、余辉亮度及余辉衰减的测定.结果表明:稀土离子的掺杂对基质晶体结构没有影响,激发和发射光谱显示它们的光谱性质是Eu2 典型的4f-5d的跃迁所致,对Sr2ZnSi2O7:Eu2 、Dy3 材料,Nd3 的共掺杂有利于提高其余辉性能.     

单斜相SrAl2Si2O8陶瓷的烧结及其对Sr的固化

Monoclinic SrAl₂Si₂O₈ ceramics for Sr immobilization were prepared by a liquid-phase sintering method. The sintering temperature, mineral phase composition, microstructure, flexural strength, bulk density, and Sr ion leaching characteristics of the SrAl₂Si₂O₈ ceramics were investigated. A crystalline monoclinic SrAl₂Si₂O₈ phase formed through liquid-phase sintering at 1223 K. The introduction of four flux agents (B₂O₃, CaO·2B₂O₃, SrO·2B₂O₃, and BaO·2B₂O₃) to the SrAl₂Si₂O₈ ceramics not only reduced the densification temperature and decreased the volatilization of Sr during high-temperature sintering but also impacted the mechanical properties of the ceramics. Product consistency tests showed that the leaching concentration of Sr ions in the sample with flux agent B₂O₃ was the lowest, whereas that of Sr ions in the sample with flux agent BaO·2B₂O₃ was the highest. These results show that the leaching concentration of Sr ions depends largely on the amorphous phase in the ceramics. Meanwhile, the formation of mineral analog ceramics containing Sr is an important factor to improve Sr immobilization.     

Sr2B5O9Cl∶Eu2+蓝色荧光粉的发光性能研究

采用高温固相法,合成了Eu2+掺杂的Sr2B5O9Cl系列蓝色荧光粉,并对其发光性质进行研究.结果表明:该荧光粉在紫外区域显示出较强的宽带激发,当Eu2+的掺杂质量分数为4%时,Sr1.96B5O9Cl∶0.04Eu2+的发光强度最大,色坐标为(x=0.161,y=0.019).