On the Translation of Trademarks

With the rapid development of the world economy,the international business among countries is extending to almost every field.The trademark phrases have become part of the social culture.They affect people's normal life through a variety of channels.As the deepening process of our Opening Policy is going on,China has ranked among the first group in its annual export and import.     

Solar magnetic field: The key to understanding the Sun

The Sun is our star, which gives us light, heat and life. The Sun is also the nearest star, detailed observations of which provide us a unique chance to test our understandings of fundamental physics. So far we have understood why the Sun gives out that much heat, how old it is, what its internal structure is, and so on. With these understandings we have already been able to study other stars, galaxies and even the universe with certain successes.     

Solar magnetic field:The key to understanding the Sun

The Sun is our star, which gives us light, heat and life. The Sun is also the nearest star, detailed observations of which provide us a unique chance to test our understandings of fundamental physics. So far we have understood why the Sun gives out that much heat, how old it is, what its internal structure is, and so on. With these understandings we have already been able to study other stars, galaxies and even the universe with certain successes.     

Genetic fingerprinting of plankton community provides new insights into aquatic ecology

Over the past two decades, molecular techniques have been widely used in ecological study and molecular ecology has been one of the most important branches of ecology. Meanwhile, genetic fingerprinting analyses have significantly enhanced our knowledge of the diversity and evolutionary relations of the planktonic organisms. Compared with conventional approaches in ecological study (e.g. morphological classification), genetic fingerprinting techniques are simpler and much more effective. This review provides an overview of the principles, advantages and limitations of the commonly used DNA fingerprinting techniques in plankton research. The aim of this overview is to assess where we have been, where we are now and what the future holds for solving aquatic ecological problems with molecular-level information.     

C-di-GMP signaling and implications for pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

C-di-GMP is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that regulates a wide range of bacterial physiological processes including biofilm formation, virulence, motility and cell differentiation. Here, we have summarized our current knowledge on the upstream signaling factors and downstream effectors of c-di-GMP in addition to the interaction between c-di-GMP and eukaryotic organisms. New discoveries in these areas have enriched our understanding of the diversity of c-di-GMP signaling pathways and provide important clues for us to explore the roles of c-di-GMP signaling in human pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.     

Progress in phototaxis mechanism research and micromanipulatlon techniques of algae cells

Pholotaclic movement is a characteristic of some microorganisms' response to light environment. Most of the algae have dramatically phototactic responses, underlying the complicated biological, physical and photochemical mechanisms are involved. With the development of the micro/nano and sensor techniques, great progress has been made in the research of the algae phototaxis. This review article summarizes the progress made in the research on the functional phototactic structures, the mechanisms of photo-response process and photodynamics of phototaxis in algae, and describes the latest developed micro-tracking technique and micromanipulation technique. Moreover, based on our own research results, the potential correlation between the phototaxis and photosynthesis is discussed, and the directions for future research of the phototactic mechanism are proposed.     

The Uncommon Uses of the Article

The "Article" originates from Latin "Articulus".Things are rathercomplicated with its use in practice.Especially,since there is not sucha part of speech in Chinese,the learners of English in our country willfind it difficult to have a mastery of the uses of the article.The meaningof the following sentences is different with the different uses of thearticle.A careful study of them and finding out the difference in meaningbetween them will show us what an important role the articl plays in     

Ocean primary productivity estimation of China Sea by remote sensing

Ocean primary productivity is a key parameter in the research of globalcarbon cycle, ocean biological resources, and in evaluation of the feature and quality of ocean biological environment. Traditional shipboard measurement which is costly and time-consuming is impossible to obtain the spatial and temporal information on primary productivity on a large scale in a short period of time. Satellite remote sensing is an effective strategy to acquire the ocean information in near real time. Here we propose a model special for China Sea based on the concept of primary productivity using in situ primary productivity and environmental data from 1984 to 1990, and discuss every modeling parameter which can be retrieved by remote sensing in detail. The reliability of this model is tested by in situ data, and the comparison of other primary productivity models is made. We also analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of China Sea primary productivity in 2000. From our analysis the satellite remote sensing data have been proved very useful for ocean primary productivity study.     

A Potential Approach of Internet Worm Propagation Based on P2P

Various kinds of active worms have been plunging into the network flows, which make the Internet security problem more serious. Our research on a potential propagation approach of active worms, P2P-based propagation approach, is given in this paper. To measure the propagating performance of our approach, the SEI （Susceptible-Exposed-Infected） propagation model is presented. It proves that with the idea of pure P2P architecture, worms can be hidden in the early stage of propagation, and then infect most of the hosts in a shorter period. By comparing our SEI propagation model with the Simple Epidemic Model, we observe that the size of a worm is a significant parameter which can affect the propagating performance. When the size of the worm becomes large, our approach can still show an excellent propagating performance.     

A Multi-Agent Approach for Solving Traveling Salesman Problem

The traveling salesman problem （TSP） is a classical optimization problem and it is one of a class of NP- Problem. This paper presents a new method named multiagent approach based genetic algorithm and ant colony system to solve the TSP. Three kinds of agents with different function were designed in the multi-agent architecture proposed by this paper. The first kind of agent is ant colony optimization agent and its function is generating the new solution continuously. The second kind of agent is selection agent, crossover agent and mutation agent, their function is optimizing the current solutions group. The third kind of agent is fast local searching agent and its function is optimizing the best solution from the beginning of the trial. At the end of this paper, the experimental results have shown that the proposed hybrid ap proach has good performance with respect to the quality of solution and the speed of computation.     

Discussions on the age of the Daohugou fauna—evidence from invertebrates

Volcanic tuff deposits near Daohugou village, Ningcheng County of Inner Mongolia have yielded many wellpreserved fossils. Here we briefly introduce our recent findings of invertebrates from the Daohugou fauna: mainly insects, conchostracans, anostracans, and spiders. The age of the Daohugou fauna is considered to be Middle Jurassic on the basis of an analysis of various invertebrates especially insects and conchostracans, showing strong similarities to the Yanliao fauna of north China and the Karatau fauna of Kazakhstan.     

Control dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious disease with many puzzling features. We present a simple, dynamic model to assess the epidemic potential of SARS and the effectiveness of control measures. With this model, we analysed the SARS epidemic data in Beijing.The data fitting gives the basic case reproduction number of 2.16 leading to the outbreak, and the variation of the effective reproduction number reflecting the control effect. Noticeably, our study shows that the response time and the strength of control measures have significant effects on the scale of the outbreak and the lasting time of the epidemic.     

Discussions on the age of the Daohugou fauna—evidence from invertebrates

Volcanic tuff deposits near Daohugou village, Ningcheng County of Inner Mongolia have yielded many wellpreserved fossils. Here we briefly introduce our recent findings of invertebrates from the Daohugou fauna: mainly insects, conchostracans, anostracans, and spiders. The age of the Daohugou fauna is considered to be Middle Jurassic on the basis of an analysis of various invertebrates especially insects and conchostracans, showing strong similarities to the Yanliao fauna of north China and the Karatau fauna of Kazakhstan.     

Measurement of the Mie-Grüneisen equation of state for polyimide

An equation of state(EOS) is a thermodynamic equation describing the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions,and the Mie-Grüneisen EOS is a widely used EOS for solid materials.Polyimide is a typical complex high-molecular polymer of imide monomers which is widely used in the manufacture of parts for aerospace technology and for fabricating the inertial fusion energy shells(IFE).When a spacecraft collides with a meteoroids(or orbital debris) or the IFE shells are radiated by high power laser,the polyimide used in the equipment is in high pressure state.In order to study the safety of the spacecraft and IFE shells,the EOS of polyimide should be determined.In our research,the three key parameters of the Mie-Grüneisen EOS based on the shock adiabat for polyimide have been determined with two-stage light-gas gun experiments,i.e.the bulk speed of sound of polyimide is determined as 2.62±0.22 km/s,the linear Hugoniot slope coefficient is determined as 1.25±0.063,and the Grüneisen parameter at initial state is determined as 1.53±0.135.The Mie-Grüneisen EOS for polyimide is finally obtained,and the parameter values are proved reliable via the comparison of Grüneisen parameter value calculated from two different theoretical models using the experimental data.     

Molecular ecology studies of marine Synechococcus

Cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus is a dominant component of microbial community in the world's oceans, and is a major contributor to marine primary productivity and thus plays an important role in carbon cycling in the oceans. Besides the ecological importance, the cultivability also made Synechococcus a very special group of marine microorganisms, which has attracted great attention from oceanographers and biologists. Great progress in the physiology, biochemistry and phylogeny of Synechococcus has been made since its discovery. We here review the current status of molecular ecology of marine Synechococcus and give a perspective into the future based on our understanding of the literature and our own work.     

Improving students’ spoken English through PBGS activity

Twenty-first century is the age of knowledge economy,with the increase of the cooperation with a lot of countries where English is the native language,there are more and more joint corporation and foreign invested companies.So it is important for our students to have a mouth of fluent oral English,but now there is a problem in our college that students can not grasp the chances provided by the college to practice their oral English,and at this time with the effort of all oral English teachers,an activity of PBGS(Project Based Group Study) has produced and in this paper I mainly talk about how to carry it out effectively and let students get benefit from it.     

The progress of olfactory transduction and biomimetic olfactory-based biosensors

Olfaction is a very important sensation for all animals. Recently great progress has been made in the research of olfactory transduction. Especially the novel finding of the gene superfamily encoding olfactory receptors has led to rapid advances in olfactory transduction. These advances also promoted the research of biomimetic olfactory-based biosensors and some obvious achievements have been obtained due to their potential commercial prospects and promising industrial applications. This paper briefly introduces the biological basis of olfaction, summarizes the progress of olfactory signal transduction in the olfactory neuron, the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex, outlines the latest devel- opments and applications of biomimetic olfactory-based biosensors. Finally, the olfactory biosensor based on light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is addressed in detail based on our recent work and the research trends of olfactory biosensors in future are discussed.     

An Efficient Way of Fabric Simulation

A particle system model is presented for the simulation of fabric draping. The interaction of each particle is based on a refined mass-spring structure. Regarded the fabric material as an orthotropic continuum, the refinement of our model is focused on the construction of mechanical responses of bending and shearing springs by means of a piecewise polynomial approximation of KES-F testing data. In this way, the draping figure of a silk fabric, a wool fabric and a polyester fabric are simulated. The static final shape and animation of simulation proves that our model has developed an efficient technique on real fabric-drape modeling, and the little computation time of the simulation execution on a PC with Celeron 450 CPU may meet the requirement of real-time simulation.     

Impacts of Soil.Water Conservation in Jialing River on Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The Jialing River is one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River. The average annual runoff accounts for 16 % and the sediment load 26% of the total at Yichang therefore it＇s one of the main contributors of sediment to the Three Gorges Reservoir. Ever since 1989, our country has implemented ＂Yangtze River soil and water conservation＂ project, Till the end of 1996, altogether 25.8 % of erosion area in Jialing River has been improved after large scale conservation has taken effect. The analysis and comparison between records taken before and after the implementation of soil and water conservation on runoff and sediment yield indicated that the sediment load soil erosion in Jialing river basin has been taken under control to some extent. Amount of annual runoff in main conservations have generally dropped by exponential function. Obvious result has been achieved in Jialing River, efficiency of sand reduction is about 10%-25%. Therefore, sediment to Three Gorges Reservoir is decreased accordingly, and it will be beneficial to take advantage of reser- voir＇s synthetic benefit.     

Green Project System Design of Machine Process Factory

As the specialty of the product and the dim conscio us ness of environmental protection, the status of dirty, chaos and difference is l ong-term existed in the machine process factory. It seriously affects workers‘ work and living environment, and restricts the total level of the environment p rotection in our country. The project is the fatal scientific research task of H enan province in 2001. As the members‘ endeavor of task group, we have finished the total plan of green project system and some other ...