哈贝马斯的认知与无指称实在论

哈贝马斯的实在论思想以其语用学方案为基础,体现出鲜明的无表征以及认知的实在论思想趋向,同时其通过真值的研究而批判了道德判断的虚妄性.     

Quantum Mechanics and Realism

Quantum mechanics is usually presented as a challenge to scientific realism, but I will argue that the details of quantum mechanics actually support realism. I will first present some basic quantum mechanical concepts and results, including the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) experiment and Bell's theorem, and do it in a way that everyone can understand. I will then use the physics to inform the philosophy, showing that quantum mechanics provides evidence to support epistemological realism.     

后现代主义与科学实在论

本文试图立足于20世纪科学实在论发展演变的基点,通过揭示后现代主义与科学实在论之间的内在关联,来具体地展示后现代性在科学实在论研究中的渗入,本质地分析后现代理论对后现代科学实在论形成的影响,从而在元理论探究的基础上为后现代科学实在论的趋向及其特征给出一种描述性的说明。     

普特南内在实在论与相对主义

为了解决传统实在论的理论问题,普特南建构了一种内在的实在论,并把真理定义为是一种合理的可接受性.内在实在论却并不成功,往往被当做相对主义与反实在论的学说加以批判.但是若想确切地评价内在实在论的理论意义和价值,则应放在当代哲学发展趋势的广阔背景下考察.这样,内在实在论所追求的在二分世界中走出第三条道路的努力和意义才能得到彰显.     

Pragmatism, Realism and Hermeneutics

This paper explores themethodological consequences of AmericanPragmatism for the social sciences. It alsocriticises some rival perspectives onmethodology of social research, in particularfalsificationist, realist and someanti-naturalist views. It is argued thatAmerican Pragmatism shows striking affinitieswith the genealogical method of history and thereflexive turn in cultural anthropology. It isalso argued that Pragmatism forces us to thinkdifferently about the relationship betweentheory and empirical research.     

结构实在论的研究新进展——从信息结构实在论到量子信息结构实在论

随着信息革命时代的到来,信息理论的发展为结构实在论的解读提供了新视角.惠勒提出"一切物理存在都源于比特"的信息本体观.之后,弗洛里迪提出信息结构实在论,预设了一个原初"结构对象"的存在,它是所有可能世界中所有结构的基础.基于弗洛里迪和惠勒的理论,以及当代量子理论的发展,拜纳姆又探讨了量子信息结构实在论的可能性.从信息结...     

结构实在论中的本体论

本体的结构实在论以结构主义方法论僭越形而上学,表现为本体论认识不明确。结构不取决于元素,这是错误的本体论命题。为了存在,不诉诸于个体,这是错误的认识论命题。建构的结构实在论提出"本体论综合",试图解决"悲观元归纳"问题。但是,对结构和实体谁为本体论模棱两可。为赋予数学结构以物理内容,结构变成衍生品。为应对不充分决定性命题,认识论上需令结构处于优先位置。理论术语是一个体系,并非某一术语单独构成本体论。科学发展过程中理论术语根据经验作适当增减。结构实在论没有处理好本体论与理论术语之间关系。结构实在论中形而上学与本体论有重叠,因果关系是其必须回答的话题。     

论沃勒尔的结构实在论——与王巍教授的商榷

结构实在论是当前英美哲学界有关科学实在论争论的最新进展,最早由伦敦经济学院的约翰·沃勒尔教授提出。结构实在论是在科学实在论两大论证——无奇迹论和悲观归纳论的背景下提出的,它表明科学理论依据自身的数学结构能够揭示不可观察世界的结构;在理论变革中数学等式得以持存,这种数学连续性构成了科学理论发展的连续性;成熟科学中科学理论的连续性高于纯粹的经验层面,这种连续性是非经验的,但是并没有达到充分解释的高级理论层面;数学结构的连续性表达了实体之间的真关系,然而除此之外我们一无所知。     

玻耳兹曼的实在论

本文阐述了奥地利著名理论物理学家玻耳兹曼的实在论思想的形成及其涵义.文章指出,玻耳兹曼是一位较早使用原子假说解释科学,用假说演绎模式来揭示实在论的非教条主义实在论者.他对物质的原子基础单元的毕生辩护,对实在论的研讨与理解,推动了科学研究活动中对物质基本结构研究的进展,成为20世纪西方科学哲学的铺路人.     

Quantum Nonlocality and the Challenge to Scientific Realism

In this essay I examine various aspects of the nearcentury-long debate concerning the conceptualfoundations of quantum mechanics and the problems ithas posed for physicists and philosophers fromEinstein to the present. Most crucial here is theissue of realism and the question whether quantumtheory is compatible with any kind of realist orcausal-explanatory account which goes beyond theempirical-predictive data. This was Einstein's chiefconcern in the famous series of exchanges with NielsBohr when he refused to accept the truth orcompleteness of a doctrine (orthodox QM) which ruledsuch questions to be strictly inadmissible. I discussthe later history of quantum-theoretical debate withparticular reference to the issue of nonlocality,i.e., the phenomenon of superluminal(faster-than-light) interaction betweenwidely-separated particles. Then I show how thestandard `Copenhagen' interpretation of QM hasinfluenced current anti-realist orontological-relativist approaches to philosophy ofscience. Indeed, there are clear signs that somephilosophers have retreated from a realist positionvery largely in response to just these problems. So itis important to ask exactly why – on what scientificor philosophical grounds – any preferred alternative(causal-realist) construal should have been ruled outas a matter of orthodox QM wisdom. Moreconstructively, my paper presents various arguments infavour of one such alternative, the `hidden-variables'theory developed since the early 1950s by David Bohmand consistently marginalised by proponents of theCopenhagen doctrine.     

建构的结构实在论与还原论

建构版本的结构实在论重建本体论承诺,附加以理论和结构的约束,作出与其它版本结构实在论不同的科学的结构性阐释,实现对于科学实在性和连续性的回答。它强调基本本体的还原论内涵,同时认为结构的可变性和开放性决定结构的建构性和相容性。勿庸置疑,在还原论追求中基本本体的假定扮演着重要的角色,然而在现实中科学理论结构的不相容性是不争的事实。     

伯格曼的兼容实在论评析

阿尔伯特·伯格曼的兼容实在论是其科学本质观和技术哲学思想的理论基础。兼容实在论以整体和微观的客观实在为物质基础,以聚集实践与公众欢庆的社会实在为行动方案,以精神信仰及非科学语言的精神实在为理论核心,从而构成对实在的全面理解。文章从三种维度全面考察伯格曼的兼容实在论的研究路径,并剖析这种实在论带来的启示与产生的问题。     

相对主义与实在论之间:拉图尔的关系主义分析

本文从本体论、认识论及目的论的视角入手对拉图尔的关系主义的本质进行探析,进而试图阐明拉图尔关系主义的生成过程及机制,并对其关系主义进行全面的评述。     

波函数实在论的难题及出路

波函数实在论作为波函数的其中一种语义解读,被看作为量子力学语境下高维位形空间的波场。该波场面临两大难题:宏观客体难题与经验上的不相关性威胁。物理哲学家们就这些难题指明出路:走向波函数反实在论、走向结构实在论与走向量子场论等。最后在综合这些观点的基础上提出,走向语境论的波函数实在论是最优出路,它能蕴含语境实在论更广博的说服力与集多种语义解释优势为一体。     

相互作用实在论及其科学和哲学意义

自在实体是未经观察的自然客体;现象实体是自在实体与人加观察信号作用的综合产物。自在实体、现象实体、现象及科学理论结构的形成离不开相互作用。相互作用是科学理论结构形成的动因,相互作用实在论从动因角度讨论科学理论结构的实在性,是结构实在论中的一员。量子力学曲率解释中的量子曲率构成曲率波场,曲率波场描述了一个新的物质波动存在形态,科学理论的结构与物质存在形态有了内在的统一性,科学理论的结构是实在的。     

Making Quantum Theory Compatible with Realism

After a brief account of theway quantum theory deals with naturalprocesses, the crucial problem that such atheory meets, the measurement or, better, themacro-objectification problem is discussed.The embarrassing aspects of the occurrence ofentangled states involving macroscopic systemsare analyzed in details. The famous example ofSchroedinger's cat is presented and it ispointed out how the combined interplay of thesuperposition principle and the ensuingentanglement raises some serious difficultiesin working out a satisfactory quantum worldview, agreeing with our definiteperceptions. The orthodox solution to themacro-objectification problem, i.e. thepostulate of wave packet reduction, isanalyzed and is proved to be inconsistent withthe assumption that the theory governes alsothe measurement process. After these premises,the rest of the paper is devoted to discuss arecent proposal of overcoming the difficultiesof the standard formalism by acceptingnonlinear and stochastic modifications of thequantum dynamics. The proposed theory is shownto agree with all known predictions of thestandard theory concerning microscopic systemsand to account, on the basis of a universaldynamics which is assumed to govern allnatural processes, for wave packet reductionin measurement processes and, more important,to eliminate all the difficulties concerningmacroscopic situations. Actually, the proposedtheory allows one to take consistently amacrorealistic position about natural processes and about our definite perceptions.     

论数字生命的实在特性

数字生命是人工生命的一种,在人工生命研究领域中具有重要地位。关于数字生命是否具有实在论地位,形成了数字生命强实在论、数字生命反实在论和数字生命弱实在论三个阵营。分析三种主张及其论证方式并给予新的解释,有助于深化对数字生命的实在性质的理解。     

结构实在论评析

曹天予提出的结构实在论知识论版本在科学哲学界有很大影响，并引发了《综合》期刊专刊讨论。他既批评反实在论的观点，也对结构实在论的知识版本与本体版本有所批判。他从结构、本体、建构这三个概念出发，论证了科学理论的客观性体现为建构性、历史性、整体性、修正性、革命性。本文对曹天予的结构实在论进行了系统的梳理与分析。笔者赞同他对“不充分决定”论旨的批评，对他批评“本体论不连续性”持中立态度，但对他的“普遍语法论证”有所存疑。