甘草、红景天及黄芪粗提取物对UVB诱导小鼠皮肤慢性光损伤的保护作用

目的研究甘草、红景天和黄芪三种粗提取物对皮肤慢性光损伤的保护作用。方法甘草、红景天和黄芪三种粗提取物局部外用于小鼠背部皮肤后给予UVB辐射,每天1次,连续30天,分别采用TUNEL、ELISA和免疫印迹检测小鼠背部皮肤组织的细胞凋亡指数、TNF-α含量和caspase-8蛋白水平。结果与空白对照组相比,UVB照射组(单纯给予UVB照射)小鼠皮肤中的细胞凋亡指数、TNF-α含量及caspase-8水平均显著增高(P0.05);不同浓度甘草等粗提取物处理后可下调TNF-α、caspase-8表达水平及细胞凋亡指数(P0.05),尤以甘草组明显。结论UVB慢性辐射可诱导皮肤光老化,而甘草、红景天和黄芪三种粗提取物可缓解紫外线引起的皮肤慢性光损伤,其作用机制与抑制炎症因子TNF-α释放、caspase-8表达和细胞凋亡有关。     

细胞凋亡研究进展

细胞凋亡（apoptosis）是机体正常细胞在受到生理和病理性刺激后出现的一种自发的死亡过程,是一个主动、高度有序、基因控制及一系列酶参与的过程.细胞凋亡在保证多细胞生物健康生存过程中扮演着关键角色,对个体的正常发育具有重要作用.它在多细胞生物的组织分化、器官发育、机体稳态的维持中有着重要的意义.机体在产生新生细胞的同时,衰老和突变的细胞通过凋亡机制而被清除,使器官和组织得以正常地发育和代谢.细胞凋亡发生异常会导致疾病的发生,如肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、病毒感染和神经退化性疾病等.由于细胞凋亡的重要意义,它在生物进化过程中不但得到了保留,而且从简单的多细胞生物线虫,到高度进化的人类,细胞凋亡机制随着生物的进化得到了发展和完善.本文概述了细胞凋亡的特征、分子机制、信号途径、检测方法及生物学意义.     

Mavacoxib体外对人骨肉瘤MG-63细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的探讨一种长效环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,Cox-2)抑制剂Mavacoxib(Trocoxil~(TM))对体外培养的人骨肉瘤细胞MG-63增殖和凋亡的影响及可能的作用机制。方法用MTT法检测不同浓度Mavacoxib在各时间点对MG-63细胞的生长抑制率,并观察其有效的作用浓度及作用时间;FCM法、Real-time PCR法和Western blot法分别检测Mavacoxib 50μmol/L干预MG-63细胞48小时后的细胞凋亡率及Cox-2、Bcl-2、Survivin和Bax的表达;Western blot检测Mavacoxib干预MG-63细胞后p-P38和P38蛋白的表达。结果 Mavacoxib可抑制MG-63细胞的增值(P0.05);与空白对照组相比较,Mavacoxib干预组Bcl-2、Survivin下调,而Bax上调(P0.05)。Mavacoxib干预MG-63细胞可促使P38信号通路蛋白的活化(P0.05)。结论 Mavacoxib可通过抑制Cox-2、调节细胞凋亡因子及诱导P38通路的活化而抑制人骨肉瘤MG-63细胞。     

由臭氧层衰竭导致的UV—B辐射增加对陆生植物的影响

本文回顾了近年来UV－B辐射对陆地植物及其环境影响的若干研究结果。从UV－B辐射对生物大分子和细胞的影响开始，着重讨论了对植物细胞的，继而探讨了UV－B辐射对人工生态系统的农作物和树木，以及在自然生态系统中的植物影响，然后讨论了UV－B辐射增强与另外的非生物因素相结合时对植物的影响，以及UV－B辐射对植物枯落物分解的影响，最后还论及了今后的研究趋势。     

青蒿水提液对肺癌A549细胞的影响

目的研究青蒿水提液对肺癌A549细胞株增殖的影响和诱导凋亡的情况。方法不同浓度青蒿水提液作用于细胞不同时间,四甲基氮噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测吸光度值（A490nm）并计算增殖抑制率;AnnexinV-FITC／PI荧光染色后流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;并以荧光显微镜观察细胞形态改变情况;蛋白质印迹法分析细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2的表这。结果青蒿水提液呈时间和剂量依赖性抑制A549细胞增殖;荧光显微镜下A549细胞出现不同时期凋亡特征性改变;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率随着药物浓度增加而升高;A549细胞株的Bax蛋白表达量增多、Bcl-2蛋白表达量下降。结论青蒿水提液促进体外培养的A549细胞株增殖抑制并诱导凋亡,其机制可能与A549细胞Bax表达上调和Bcl-2表达下调有关。     

成年大鼠脊髓损伤后Sonic Hedgehog信号通路成分的动态表达

目的观察Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)信号通路中Shh、Gli-1在成年大鼠脊髓损伤后的动态表达,探讨Shh信号通路对大鼠脊髓损伤后的调控作用。方法将64只健康SD大鼠随机分为正常组(n=8),假手术组(n=8),脊髓损伤12h、1d、3d、7d、14d和21d组(n=8),共8组。构建大鼠脊髓损伤模型,观察损伤后大鼠行为学的改变,并应用实时荧光定量PCR技术(Real-Time Quantitative PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blotting)检测Shh、Gli-1 mRNA和相关蛋白表达水平的变化。结果行为学观察表明,大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能下降,RT-PCR和免疫印迹法表明,Shh、Gli-1在正常组织少量表达,脊髓损伤后Shh、Gli-1表达均明显增高,损伤后第7天达到峰值,损伤21天后仍有高水平的表达。结论脊髓损伤可以上调Shh信号通路成分的表达并表现出一定的动态变化规律,提示Shh信号通路可能参与了脊髓损伤后神经细胞的调控作用。     

氧化苦参碱对人宫颈癌SiHa细胞株增殖及凋亡的影响

目的研究氧化苦参碱对体外人宫颈癌SiHa细胞株增殖活性及凋亡的影响。方法对人宫颈癌SiHa细胞株进行体外培养,经氧化苦参碱处理的细胞组为实验组,未经处理组为对照组。采用MTT细胞存活实验检测氧化苦参碱对入宫颈鳞癌SiHa细胞的增殖影响,并计算IC50;倒置相差显微镜下观察不同浓度的氧化苦参碱作用48h后SiHa细胞的形态改变;Hoechst33258染色法和Western blot法检测氧化苦参碱对SiHa细胞核及凋亡相关蛋白(P53、Bax及Bcl-2)表达水平的影响。结果 MTT结果显示氧化苦参碱剂量-时间依耐性抑制人宫颈癌SiHa细胞的体外增殖(P0.05),计算24 h、48 h和72 h的IC50分别为(1 028.41±3.57)μg/ml、(701.72±6.01)μg/ml和(406.88±2.15)μg/ml;氧化苦参碱处理48 h后,SiHa细胞的形态特征及数目发生显著变化,且随氧化苦参碱浓度的增加而愈加明显;Hoechst33258染色证实氧化苦参碱处理后SiHa细胞发生凋亡,可见典型的凋亡特征;Western blot结果证实氧化苦参碱(700μg/ml、1 600μg/ml)处理48 h后,和对照组比较,药物处理组细胞凋亡周期蛋白P53、Bax表达上调(P0.05),而Bcl-2表达下调(P0.05),Bax/Bcl-2的比率明显增加(P0.05)。结论氧化苦参碱可抑制体外人宫颈癌SiHa细胞的体外增殖活性发挥其抗肿瘤作用,其作用机制可能诱导SiHa细胞的凋亡有关。     

PD-L1在人子宫颈癌细胞异常表达并促T细胞凋亡

目的 探讨人子宫颈癌中负性协同刺激分子PD-L1的表达和它与肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的关系以及PD-L1融合蛋白促宫颈癌患者外周血活化T细胞凋亡的作用.方法 采用免疫组化S-P法检测67例宫颈癌组织及20例正常宫颈组织中PD-L1的表达,分析PD-L1同临床病理特征的相关性,免疫荧光观察肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞数量,TUNEL法检测T细胞凋亡,体外实验将PD-L1融合蛋白细胞加入PHA刺激活化的宫颈癌患者外周血T细胞中共同培养,流式细胞术分析T细胞凋亡率和CD8+/CD4+T细胞比例.结论 正常子宫颈组织不表达PD-L1;宫颈癌组织中PD-L1的表达率为70％.宫颈癌PD-L1的表达与宫颈癌浸润深度相关(P＜0.05).PD-L1阳性病例肿瘤局部浸润淋巴细胞存在凋亡且CD8+T细胞数量明显减少;PD-L1融合蛋白组T细胞凋亡率明显高于抗PD-1组和空白对照组T细胞,分别为32.7％、18.3％和17.9％;CD8+T/CD4+T细胞的比值低于加入抗PD-1组和空白对照组,分别为0.864、0.894和0 907.结论 PD-L1在子宫颈癌中高表达且与肿瘤浸润程度及肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞数量减少有关,PD-L1能促进活化的T细胞尤其是CD8+T细胞的凋亡.     

香烟烟雾提取物对人内皮细胞细胞色素C氧化酶活性及细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨香烟烟雾提取物（cigarette smoking extract,CSE）对内皮细胞细胞色素C氧化酶（cytochmme Coxidase,COX）活性及凋亡的影响。方法体外培养ECV304,分别给予0％、0．5％、1％、5％CSE刺激12h,及5％CSE刺激0h、6h、12h、24h后,生化法检测COX活性;投射电镜和流式细胞仪观察细胞凋亡情况。结果CSE引起COX活性下降,且随着刺激浓度和时间的增加而下降（P〈0．05）;电镜示CSE干预组细胞出现明显的凋亡形态学改变;流式细胞仪结果示不同浓度CSE分别作用12h后凋亡率依次增高,除O％CSE组和0．5％CSE组间比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,余各组间比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;5％CSE作用不同时间后,随着干预时间的延长细胞凋亡率逐渐升高（P〈0．05）。结论CSE抑制内皮细胞COX活性,呈浓度和时间依赖性;CSE诱导内皮细胞凋亡,呈浓度和时间依赖性;COX活性的下降可能在CSE所致的内皮细胞凋亡中具有重要作用。     

Curcumin通过Wnt信号通路抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖的研究

目的 观察姜黄素(Curcumin)对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖的影响,以及对细胞内Wnt信号通路的影响,探索Curcumin可能存在的抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖的分子机制.方法 体外培养人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7,并用不同浓度的Curcumin作用不同的时间.用MTT检测Curcumin对MCF-7细胞生长情况的影响;流式细胞仪观察经Curcumin作用后细胞周期的改变;RT-PCR和Westernblot分别检测细胞内β -catenin和下游靶基因CyclinD1的mRNA和蛋白水平的表达.结果 MTT结果显示Curcumin可以抑制MCF-7的增殖,并具有剂量-时间依赖性.在浓度为20 μmol·L-1时,对细胞生长的抑制作用最为明显.流式细胞仪观察细胞周期的结果提示,Curcumin能够阻止MCF-7细胞由G1期进入S期,提高Go/G1期细胞的百分比.RT-PCR和Western blot结果显示,Curcumin显著降低了细胞内β-catenin和CyclinD1的mRNA和蛋白水平的表达,且呈剂量-时间依赖性.结论 Curcumin能够抑制MCF-7细胞胞浆内β -catenin蛋白进入胞核,阻断Wnt信号转导通路.进而抑制下游靶基因CyclinD1的表达,阻止MCF-7由G1期进入S期,有效抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖.     

Survivin过表达对MS1细胞Survivin基因及蛋白表达与凋亡的作用

目的 探讨Survivin过量表达对MS1细胞Survivin基因及蛋白表达与凋亡的影响.方法 构建Survivin真核表达载体,以脂质体转染MS1细胞,采用流式细胞仪的方法检测细胞凋亡;Real-time PCR和Western blot检测Survivin的mRNA及蛋白水平.结果 转染Survivin实验组与空载体对照组比较,Survivin mRNA和蛋白表达明显增高,实验组细胞凋亡率较对照组下降.结论 Survivin过表达可使MS1细胞的Survivin蛋白及mRNA高表达并能使细胞凋亡凋亡率下降,为后续的动物实验打下了理论依据.     

Galectins in cell growth and apoptosis

Fourteen members of the galectin family, proteins with conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains that bind β-galactoside, have been cloned and more are expected to be discovered in the near future. Many aspects of galectin biology have been thoroughly explored, and functional studies have implicated these proteins in cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, in addition to cell adhesion, chemoattraction and cell migration. In some cases a galectin can either promote or suppress cell growth, depending on the cell types and doses used. Galectin-3 is the only member known so far to inhibit apoptosis, while galectin-1, -7 and -9 promote this cellular process. Galectins can act either extracellularly or intracellularly to exert effects on cell growth and apoptosis. RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author.     

Cell fate determination during G1 phase progression

During the cell cycle, a cell may encounter one of five different fates: it can proliferate, differentiate, become quiescent or senescent, or go into apoptosis. The initiation of such fates is often seen in the G1 phase. The aim of this review is to describe an integrative model of G1 phase progression and cell fate determination. Along the G1 phase, the cell will encounter an early checkpoint after which apoptosis can result. For a quiescent state and for differentiation, the cell will exit G1 before the restriction point and a subsequent differentiation checkpoint will decide the fate of the cell, quiescence or differentiation. After the restriction point, the cell can be arrested in response to stress stimuli, such as telomere depletion, and a decision between senescence and apoptosis occurs. Received 19 June 2007; received after revision 23 July 2007; accepted 17 August 2007     

Mitochondrial control of caspase-dependent and -independent cell death

Mitochondria control whether a cell lives or dies. The role mitochondria play in deciding the fate of a cell was first identified in the mid-1990s, because mitochondria-enriched fractions were found to be necessary for activation of death proteases, the caspases, in a cell-free model of apoptotic cell death. Mitochondrial involvement in apoptosis was subsequently shown to be regulated by Bcl-2, a protein that was known to contribute to cancer in specific circumstances. The important role of mitochondria in promoting caspase activation has therefore been a major focus of apoptosis research; however, it is also clear that mitochondria contribute to cell death by caspase-independent mechanisms. In this review, we will highlight recent findings and discuss the mechanism underlying the mitochondrial control of apoptosis and caspase-independent cell death.     

Melatonin and cell death: differential actions on apoptosis in normal and cancer cells

Melatonin is a natural compound synthesized by a variety of organs. It has been shown to function as a cell-protective agent. Since 1994, when the first paper was published documenting the role of melatonin in apoptosis, the number of reports in this area has increased rapidly. Much of the research conducted falls into three major categories: first, the role of melatonin in inhibiting apoptosis in immune cells; second, the role of melatonin in preventing neuronal apoptosis and finally, the role of melatonin in increasing apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. The mechanisms whereby melatonin influences apoptosis have not clarified, although a number of mechanistic options have been suggested. Apoptotic cell death is a physiological phenomenon related to homeostasis and proper functioning of tissues and organs; however, a failure in the apoptotic program is related to a number of diseases. The participation of melatonin in apoptosis in numerous cell types and its potential importance in a variety of diseases such as immunodeficiency, neurodegeneration and cancer is summarized in this review.Received 14 November 2002; received after revision 16 January 2003; accepted 10 February 2003     

The role of deubiquitinating enzymes in apoptosis

It has become apparent that ubiquitination plays a critical role in cell survival and cell death. In addition, deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) have been determined to be highly important regulators of these processes. Cells can be subjected to various stresses and respond in a variety of different ways ranging from activation of survival pathways to the promotion of cell death, which eventually eliminates damaged cells. The regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis depend on the balanced action between ubiquitination and deubiquitination systems. There is a growing recognition that DUBs play essential roles in regulating several binding partners to modulate the process of apoptosis. Thus, the interplay between the timing of DUB activity and the specificity of ubiquitin attachment and removal from its substrates during apoptosis is important to ensure cellular homeostasis. This review discusses the role of a few ubiquitin-specific DUBs that are involved in either promoting or suppressing the process of apoptosis.     

Cytomegalovirus infection blocks apoptosis in cancer cells

Recent pathological findings reveal a higher frequency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in tumor cells from different tumors compared with surrounding tissues. Experimental investigations suggest possible supportive effects of HCMV for tumor development and progression. One HCMV effect on tumor cells is the inhibition of apoptosis, leading to the promotion of tumor cell survival. Decreased sensitivity to treatment-induced tumor cell death is a major reason for failure of anticancer chemotherapy. HCMV infection interferes with both the intrinsic and extrinsic cellular apoptosis pathways. HCMV promotes cell survival signaling influencing the tumor suppressor p53 and its relative p73, and stimulates the antiapoptotic Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk- and PI-3K-signaling pathways. Antiapoptotic effects mediated by HCMV are inhibited by antiviral treatment in cell culture. Therefore, a better understanding of the influence of HCMV infection on tumor cell apoptosis might translate into improved anti-cancer therapy.Received 10 November 2003; received after revision 22 December 2003; accepted 14 January 2004     

Nitric oxide can inhibit apoptosis or switch it into necrosis

Nitric oxide (NO) and its related molecules are important messengers that play central roles in pathophysiology. Redox modulation of thiol groups on protein cysteine residues by S-nitrosylation can modulate protein function. NO has emerged as a potent regulator of apoptosis in many cell types, either preventing cell death or driving an apoptotic response into a necrotic one. NO protects neuroblastoma cells from retinoid- and cisplatin-induced apoptosis, without significantly increasing necrotic cell damage. Nitrosylation of thiol groups of several critical factors may be important for cell survival. Indeed, S-nitrosylation of the active-site cysteine residue of apoptotic molecules, such as caspases and tissue transglutaminase, results in the inhibition of their catalytic activities and has important implications for the regulation of apoptosis by NO. On the other hand, NO is able to shift the anti-CD95- and ceramide-triggered apoptotic response of Jurkat T cells into necrotic cell death. In these apoptotic models, NO is therefore unable to solely inhibit cell death, indicating that it may act below the point of no return elicited by CD95-ligation and ceramide stimulation.