A method for blind separation of components information from mixed pixel

In the field of remote sensing, it is important to separate the component information from mixed pixel. If the physical process of remote sensing can be expressed by a set of linear equations, the remote sensing information matrix is equal to the weight matrix multiplied by the component information matrix. Generally speaking, the precondition of retrieval of component information matrix is that the weight matrix is known. However, the blind signal separation (BSS) method can separate the matrix unconditionally, whose basic principle is that the additive information needing separation can be achieved from the statistical characteristics contained in a mass of samples in the remotely sensed information matrix. Therefore, the values of the component information matrix and the weight matrix can be estimated. The wave shape of components can be retrieved by BSS, but the amplitude cannot. In this paper, the plant-soil mixed pixels were chosen as the studying targets in this paper to quantitatively separate the component information and solve the uncertainty of BSS. Simulation and field test verify the reliability of the method. Results show that the BSS can be one of the effective methods of mixed pixel separation, and the foreground of application is very promising.     

Rough set-based feature selection method

A new feature selection method is proposed based on the discern matrix in rough set in this paper. The main idea of this method is that the most effective feature, if used for classification, can distinguish the most number of samples belonging to different classes. Experiments are performed using this method to select relevant features for artificial datasets and real-world datasets. Results show that the selection method proposed can correctly select all the relevant features of artificial datasets and drastically reduce the number of features at the same time. In addition, when this method is used for the selection of classification features of real-world underwater targets,the number of classification features after selection drops to 20% of the original feature set, and the classification accuracy increases about 6% using dataset after feature selection.     

Evidence for hydrogen-deuterium exchange in viral particles

Heavy water (D2O) could enhance thermostability of some viruses. However, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here we report the development of a matrix-aided gas-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry method that allows direct determination of deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratio in D2O-treated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and RNA from D2O-treated HAV. The D/H ratiowas expressed as δDSMOW. Our experiments showed that δDSMOW values increased significantly in D2O-treated viral samples compared to normal controls, and increment in δDSMOW of D2O, treated viral samples was in a fine linear relationship with increment in amount of samples loaded in BSA matrix. Our experiments also indicated that increased δDSMOW of D2O-treated virus correlated well with its enhanced thermostability. The results suggested that hydrogen-deuterium exchange occurred in viral particles and its RNA structure as a result of D2O-treatment. Furthermore,such exchange could cause changes in viral phenotype, such as enhanced thermostability.     

A COMBINED FINITE ELEMENT----RICCATI TRANSFER MATRIX METHOD FOR FREE VIBRATION OF STRUCTURES

A combination of Riccati transfer matrix method and finite element method is proposed for obtaining vibration frequencies of structures. This method reduces the propagation of round-off errors produced in the standard transjer matrix method and. finds out the values of the frquency by Nnwton-raphson method. As the application of this method, a numerical example is given for the case of vibration of a cantilever plate. By the result obtained. the method is shown to be more effective.     

Preparation of protein samples for gel electrophoresis by sequential extraction

Since preparation and solubilization of protein samples are crucial factors in proteome research,the authors established a sequential extraction technique to prepare protein samples from the body wall of the 5th instar larvae of silkworm.Bombyx mori.Two kinds of protein samples were obtained from the body wall using the method.Between the two types of samples only about 15% proteins were identical;the majority were different,indicating that more species of proteins could be obtained with the sequential extraction method;which will be useful for preparation of protein samples for proteome study.     

Influence of cryogenic treatment on the wear characteristics of 100Cr6 bearing steel

A series of reciprocating wear tests were performed on the deep cryogenically treated and conventionally heat-treated samples of 100Cr6 bearing steel to study the wear resistance. The worn surfaces as well as the wear debris were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The improvement in wear resistance of the deep cryogenically treated samples ranges from 49% to 52%. This significant improvement in wear resistance can be attributed to finer carbide precipitation in the tempered martensitic matrix and the transformation of retained austenite into martensite. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the volume fraction of retained austenite in the conventionally heat-treated samples is 14% and that of the deep cryogenically treated samples is only 3%.     

CALCULATION OF NATURAL FREQUENCIES FOR THE PLANAR SIX-BAR LINKAGE OF WATT TYPE

By using transfer matrix,the lower-order natural frequencies of the Watt type planar six-barlinkage are calculated in this paper.The experiment of the modal analysis is done with the SignalProcessor 7T17S,and the experiment results agree with the calculated ones.This method only re-quires calculation of lower-order transfer matrix and determinant values,so that, it can be done ona minicomputer such as IBM/PC.The method adopted in this paper is also suitable for vibrationanalysis of other types of linkages.     

Rapid determination of pharmaceuticals from multiple therapeutic classes in wastewater by solid-phase ex-traction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

A new analytical method utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） tandem mass spectrometry （MS/MS） has been developed to determine 16 pharmaceuticals from 8 therapeutic classes in wastewater： bezafibrate, clofibric acid, carbamazepine, caffeine, chloramphenicol, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, indomethacin, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, metoprolol, nalidixic acid, N,N-diethyl-metatoluamide, propranolol, sulpiride and trimethoprim. Key parameters of MS/MS, UPLC and solid phase extraction （SPE） were optimized. In general, recovery of target pharmaceuticals was over 70% for the wastewater effluent samples and 50% for the influent samples. The effects of matrix suppression, loss during the pretreatment as well as instrument variability were successfully corrected by two internal standards, and acceptable relative recovery was obtained. Target compounds were quantitatively analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode, and the detection limits ranged from 0.3 to 20 ng/L. A detailed study, matrix effect in effluent wastewater was also present. The method was applied to detecting pharmaceuticals in the wastewater from three wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） in Beijing, China and the results demonstrated that most target compounds were detectable in both the influent and effluent, with the mean concentrations ranging from 20.5 to 5775.6 ng/L and 4.6 to 418.6 ng/L, respectively.     

Synthesis and superconductivity of (Ag)x/CuTl-1223 composites

Series of(Ag)x/(Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu3O10-δ) {(Ag)x/Cu Tl-1223} nano-superconductor composites were synthesized with different concentrations(i.e. x ? 0 4.0 wt%) of silver(Ag) nanoparticles. Low anisotropic Cu Tl-1223 superconducting matrix was prepared by solid-state reaction and Ag nanoparticles were prepared by a sol–gel method separately. The required(Ag)x/Cu Tl-1223 composition was obtained by the inclusion of Ag nanoparticles in Cu Tl-1223 superconducting matrix. Structural, morphological, compositional and superconducting transport properties of these composites were investigated in detail by x-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive x-rays(EDX)spectroscopy and four-point probe electrical resistivity(ρ) measurements. The inclusion of Ag nanoparticles enhanced the superconducting properties without affecting the tetragonal structure of the host Cu Tl-1223 matrix. The improvement in superconducting properties of(Ag)x/Cu Tl-1223 composites is most likely due to enhanced inter-grains coupling and increased superconducting volume fraction after the addition of metallic Ag nanoparticles at the inter-crystallite sites in the samples. The presence of Ag nanoparticles at the grain-boundaries may increase the number of flux pinning centers, which were present in the form of weak-links in the pure Cu Tl-1223 superconducting matrix.     

Query through heterogeneous ontologies using association matrix

This paper introduces the definition and calculation of the association matrix between ontologies, h uses the association matrix to describe the relations between concepls ill different ontologics and uses concept vectors to represent queries; then computes the vectors with the association matrix in order to rewrite queries, This paper proposes a simple method of querying through heterogeneous Ontology using association matrix. This method is based on the correctness of approximate information filtering theory; and it is simple to be implemented and expected to run quite fast.     

Application of the Henon Chaotic Model on to the Design of Low Density Parity Check Codes

A new method to design parity-check matrix based on Henon chaos model is presented. The designed parity-check matrix is with rather random behavior. Simulation results show that the proposed method makes an improvement in bit error rate （BER） performance by 0.4 dB compared with that of Luby for AWGN channel. The proposed method decreases the complexity of decoding significantly, and improves the error correcting performance of LDPC codes. It has been shown that Henon chaotic model is a powerful tool for construction of good LDPC codes, which make it possible to apply the LDPC code in real communication systems.     

Estimation of the Direction of Arrival Using Virtual Matrix Method for HF Ground Wave Radar

According to the characteristic of the echo of highfrequency ground wave radar（HF GWR）, which is one-dimensional narrow band signal, a virtual direction of arrival（DOA） matrix is constructed at first, then the DOA of target evaluation is achieved by the method of resolving equations for two-dimensional DOA matrix. And this method bases on the redundancy information of a linear two-row array of antennae. Both the simulation process and the treatment results of measured data （in the case of low SNR echoes and short data series） are given at the end of this paper. By comparing with GPS data of the targets, the validity and practical applicability of the method in this paper is verified.     

Characterization of Pentachlorophenol in Soil by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A simple, accurate and sensitive method for characterization of pentachlorophenol in soil was presented. The method included Soxhlet extraction using extracting agent of methanol/water/triethylamine (80∶20∶2), decontamination using solid-phase extraction (SPE) column and characterization by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). The developed analytical method was successfully used to the determination of pentachlorophenol in soil samples.     

Analysis of proteinaceous binding media used in Tang Dynasty polychrome pottery by MALDI-TOF-MS

The proteinaceous binding media used in Tang Dynasty polychrome pottery was determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The optimum conditions for the extraction and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the protein sample were established, and applied to the pretreatment of model and historical samples. Complexation of EDTA in combination with dialysis was determined to be the most effective method for eliminating interferences in polychrome layers taken from historical samples. Model samples were aged by burial in loess so as to more closely replicate the ageing process of the historical samples. Using the aforementioned optimized conditions, the "peptide mass fingerprint" of the binding media of historical and model samples was determined by MALDI-TOF-MS. Comparisons between the "peptide mass fingerprint" obtained for the historical sample and those of the model samples proved that animal glue was used as the binding media for the Tang Dynasty polychrome pottery. It also shows that animal glue used as binding media enjoys a long history in China.     

Investigation of the stress rupture behavior of GTD-111 superalloy melted by VIM/VAR

The effects of vacuum induction melting (VIM) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR) processes on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of Ni-based GTD-111 superalloy were investigated. Samples of GTD-111 master alloy were melted in VIM and VAR furnaces and then poured into a preheated ceramic mold for VIM melt or into a water-cooled copper mold for VAR melt. The as-cast samples were examined radiographically to ensure that no casting defects were present in the final castings; the samples were then heat-treated using a standard heat-treatment cycle. The microstructure of the samples was investigated using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for microanalysis. On the basis of standard ASTM-E139, stress rupture tests were carried out at 1000℃ under a stress of 300 MPa. The results showed that a γ matrix, fine γ' precipitates, a γ-γ' eutectic structure, carbide particles, and some harmful phases such as σ and η phases were present in the as-cast samples. The γ' precipitates with cubic morphology appeared in the matrix after the standard heat-treatment process. The extent of segregation and the amount of γ-γ' eutectic structure formed in the VAR-prepared sample were less than in the VIM-prepared sample. The results of stress rupture tests showed that the rupture time for the VAR sample was 43% longer than that for the VIM sample.     

Tricolor white emitting phosphor co-doped with Eu,Dy in SiO_2 matrix

A Eu, Dy co-doped SiO2 matrix, white emitting phosphor was prepared by the sol-gel technique. Strong red, green and blue emissions located at 618 nm, 573 nm and 400-550 nm were observed under UV laser excitation at room temperature. Such techniques as FT-IR and TGA-DSC were used to measure the microstructure of the luminescent material. The influence of the preparation techniques on the luminescence property of the Eu, Dy co-doped SiO2 matrix, such as anneal temperature, anneal time, dried atmosphere and the components of the matrix, was systematically studied, and the luminescence mechanism was interpreted. The red emission is the strongest when annealed at 750 ℃ . However, blue emission appears when annealed at 700 ℃ and is the intensest at 900℃ . For the samples dried in vacuum, Eu3 is more easily deoxidized to Eu2 at lower temperatures, because the samples dried in the air compared with that dried in vacuum need higher temperature to form network structures. Only the SA and SAB matrix annealed at 850 ℃ had blue emission in the four matrices (SA, SAB, SB, S) xerogel and the emission in the SAB matrix was stronger than that in the SA matrix. This may be due to the eutectic phase formed by the oxide boron, alkaline oxide and alumina in the SAB matrix, which constructs network structures and stabilizes the emission center and enhances the blue emission.     

Tricolor white emitting phosphor co-doped with Eu, Dy in SiO2 matrix

A Eu, Dy co-doped SiO2 matrix, white emitting phosphor was prepared by the sol-gel technique. Strong red, green and blue emissions located at 618 nm, 573 nm and 400-550 nm were observed under UV laser excitation at room temperature. Such techniques as FT-IR and TGA-DSC were used to measure the microstructure of the luminescent material. The influence of the preparation techniques on the luminescence property of the Eu, Dy co-doped SiO2 matrix, such as anneal temperature, anneal time, dried atmosphere and the components of the matrix, was systematically studied, and the luminescence mechanism was interpreted. The red emission is the strongest when annealed at 750℃. However, blue emission appears when annealed at 700℃ and is the intensest at 900℃. For the samples dried in vacuum, Eu^3＋ is more easily deoxidized to Eu^2＋ at lower temperatures, because the samples dried in the air compared with that dried in vacuum need higher temperature to form network structures. Only the SA and SAB matrix annealed at 850℃ had blue emission in the four matrices （SA, SAB, SB, S） xerogel and the emission in the SAB matrix was stronger than that in the SA matrix. This may be due to the eutectic phase formed by the oxide boron, alkaline oxide and alumina in the SAB matrix, which constructs network structures and stabilizes the emission center and enhances the blue emission.     

A study of interparticulate strain in a hot-extruded SiCp/2014 Al composite

We report a correlative study of strain distribution and grain structure in the Al matrix of a hot-extruded SiC particulate-reinforced Al composite (SiC_p/2014 Al). Finite element method (FEM) simulation and microstructure characterization indicate that the grain structure of the Al matrix is affected by the interparticulate strain distribution in the matrix during the process. Both electron-backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) indicated localized misorientation in the Al matrix after hot extrusion. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) revealed fine and recrystallized grains adjacent to the SiC particulate and elongated grains between the particulates. This result is explained in terms of recrystallization under an interparticulate strain distribution during the hot extrusion process.     

Effect of Sedimentation on the Microwave Permeability of FeSiAl Composites

In order to achieve an easy fabrication and considerable directional orientation, we use a sedimentation method to prepare composites consisting of Fe Si Al flakes. The flakes are dispersed in hydroxylated acrylic resin solution in sonication and natural form into laminated composite samples. Then, the toroidal rings are made with the prepared laminated composite samples. Compared with random orientational Fe Si Al flakes in the composite, the complex permeability of laminated sample has been obviously improved when microwave frequency is below 4 GHz, especially for the imaginary part. A model is proposed to explain the formation reason of aligned Fe Si Al composite by this method. Damping factor(α) is calculated by the combination of the effective medium theory and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, and the permeability of the samples is verified by these theories.     

GMCL： a robust global localization method for mobile robot

A large sample size is required for Monte Carlo localization （MCL） in multi-robot dynamic environ- ment, because of the ＂kidnapped robot＂ phenomenon, which will locate most of the samples in the regions with small value of desired posterior density. For this problem the crossover and mutation operators in evolutionary computation are introduced into MCL to make samples move towards the regions where the desired posterior density is large, so that the sample set can represent the density better. The proposed method is termed genetic Monte Carlo localization （GMCL）. Application in robot soccer system shows that GMCL can considerably reduce the required number of samples, and is more precise and robust in dynamic environment.