Evidence for hydrogen-deuterium exchange in viral particles

Heavy water (D2O) could enhance thermostability of some viruses. However, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here we report the development of a matrix-aided gas-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry method that allows direct determination of deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratio in D2O-treated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and RNA from D2O-treated HAV. The D/H ratiowas expressed as δDSMOW. Our experiments showed that δDSMOW values increased significantly in D2O-treated viral samples compared to normal controls, and increment in δDSMOW of D2O, treated viral samples was in a fine linear relationship with increment in amount of samples loaded in BSA matrix. Our experiments also indicated that increased δDSMOW of D2O-treated virus correlated well with its enhanced thermostability. The results suggested that hydrogen-deuterium exchange occurred in viral particles and its RNA structure as a result of D2O-treatment. Furthermore,such exchange could cause changes in viral phenotype, such as enhanced thermostability.     

Evidence for spin-charge separation in quasi-one-dimensional organic conductors

Interacting conduction electrons are usually described within Fermi-liquid theory, which states that, in spite of strong interactions, the low-energy excitations are electron-like quasiparticles with charge and spin. In recent years there has been tremendous interest in conducting systems that are not Fermi liquids, motivated by the observation of highly anomalous metallic states in various materials, most notably the copper oxide superconductors. Non-Fermi-liquid behaviour is generic to one-dimensional interacting electron systems, which are predicted to be Luttinger liquids. One of their key properties is spin-charge separation: instead of quasiparticles, collective excitations of charge (with no spin) and spin (with no charge) are formed, which move independently and at different velocities. However, experimental confirmation of spin-charge separation remains a challenge. Here we report experiments probing the charge and heat current in quasi-one-dimensional conductors--the organic Bechgaard salts. It was found that the charge and spin excitations have distinctly different thermal conductivities, which gives strong evidence for spin-charge separation. The spin excitations have a much larger thermal conductivity than the charge excitations, which indicates that the coupling of the charge excitations to the lattice is important.     

An improved method for analysis of oxygen isotope in organic matter

Conclusions  

憎水有机物在土壤有机质中的吸附

针对憎水有机物在土壤有机质的非线性吸附行为还不完全清楚的状况,通过研究菲、萘和二甲苯等有机化合物在土壤,以及从其中分离出来的腐殖质、腐殖酸和碱提取后的土壤的吸附行为进行研究,讨论非线性吸附的机制.吸附等温线的非线性程度按如下顺序变化腐殖酸＜土壤＜腐殖质＜碱提出土.脂肪碳富集的腐殖质的等温吸附行为表现出很强的吸附亲和性含量以及高的非线性.文章最后采用了无定型脂肪碳的固结概念模式来解释这些吸附行为.     

Influences of marine floor hydrothermal activity on organic matter abundance in marine carbonate rocks——A case study of middle-upper Proterozoic in the northern part of North China

FOR A LONG TIME, RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN REGARDING THE BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY, THE SEDIMENTATION RATE, THE DEPOSITION ENVIRONMENT, AND THE PRESERVATION CONDITION OF THE DEPOSITIONAL ORGANIC MATTER AS THE CONTROLLING FACTORS OF ORGANIC MATTER ABUNDANCE IN T…     

液体有机物的干燥实验

分别用MgSO4、CaO、K2CO3对含饱和水的乙酸乙酯、乙醚、正丁醇进行干燥实验,比较了干燥剂用量的大小、现象的变化和干燥的效率。     

Effects of coagulation on submerged ultrafiltration membrane fouling caused by particles and natural organic matter （NOM）

Natural organic matter (NOM) and particles in source water are responsible for the majority of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling that occurs during drinking water treatment. This study was conducted to (1) understand the UF membrane fouling phenomena caused by NOM and turbidity-causing particles and (2) investigate the effect of coagulation pretreatment on the alleviation of membrane fouling. In this study, kaolinite and humic acid (HA) were used to simulate the particles and NOM present in source water. The results revealed that the particles contributed to reversible fouling due to cake layer formation on the membrane surface, but that could be effectively reduced by increasing the frequency of physical backwashing. The results of the molecular weight (MW) distribution measurements, resin fractionation, SEM and FTIR analyses showed that HA primarily contributed to irreversible fouling. Taken together, the results of this study imply that the particles and NOM compounds present in source water may have different fouling behavior, and that particles may mitigate the irreversible fouling caused by HA. The addition of coagulant can lead to a higher rate of removal of large-sized hydrophobic compounds. Coagulation pretreatment can improve membrane performance and postpone membrane fouling development effectively, as well as retard the implementation of membrane chemical cleaning.     

Reburial of fossil organic carbon in marine sediments

Marine sediments act as the ultimate sink for organic carbon, sequestering otherwise rapidly cycling carbon for geologic timescales. Sedimentary organic carbon burial appears to be controlled by oxygen exposure time in situ, and much research has focused on understanding the mechanisms of preservation of organic carbon. In this context, combustion-derived black carbon has received attention as a form of refractory organic carbon that may be preferentially preserved in soils and sediments. However, little is understood about the environmental roles, transport and distribution of black carbon. Here we apply isotopic analyses to graphitic black carbon samples isolated from pre-industrial marine and terrestrial sediments. We find that this material is terrestrially derived and almost entirely depleted of radiocarbon, suggesting that it is graphite weathered from rocks, rather than a combustion product. The widespread presence of fossil graphitic black carbon in sediments has therefore probably led to significant overestimates of burial of combustion-derived black carbon in marine sediments. It could be responsible for biasing radiocarbon dating of sedimentary organic carbon, and also reveals a closed loop in the carbon cycle. Depending on its susceptibility to oxidation, this recycled carbon may be locked away from the biologically mediated carbon cycle for many geologic cycles.     

载能带电粒子在物质中电子阻止本领研究进展

综述了最近几年关于带电粒子在物质中电子阻止本领研究的新进展。分别考虑了固体中电子之间的关联－交换作用、靶原子内壳层电子分布、重离子的有效电荷数、分子离子产生的Ｖｉｃｉａｇｅ效应、表面等离子激发等因素对电子阻止本领的影响，同时也讨论了带电粒子在二维材料及有限温度靶中的电子阻止本领。     

Evidence for low sulphate and anoxia in a mid-Proterozoic marine basin

Many independent lines of evidence document a large increase in the Earth's surface oxidation state 2,400 to 2,200 million years ago, and a second biospheric oxygenation 800 to 580 million years ago, just before large animals appear in the fossil record. Such a two-staged oxidation implies a unique ocean chemistry for much of the Proterozoic eon, which would have been neither completely anoxic and iron-rich as hypothesized for Archaean seas, nor fully oxic as supposed for most of the Phanerozoic eon. The redox chemistry of Proterozoic oceans has important implications for evolution, but empirical constraints on competing environmental models are scarce. Here we present an analysis of the iron chemistry of shales deposited in the marine Roper Basin, Australia, between about 1,500 and 1,400 million years ago, which record deep-water anoxia beneath oxidized surface water. The sulphur isotopic compositions of pyrites in the shales show strong variations along a palaeodepth gradient, indicating low sulphate concentrations in mid-Proterozoic oceans. Our data help to integrate a growing body of evidence favouring a long-lived intermediate state of the oceans, generated by the early Proterozoic oxygen revolution and terminated by the environmental transformation late in the Proterozoic eon.     

有机物偏心因子的计算

在根据Riedel蒸汽压方程确定偏心因子计算式形式的基础上，利用物质偏心因子的献数据．通过非线性回归得出了物质偏心因子关联式；计算了210种有机物的偏心因子，该关联式总平均误差为2．46％．计算准确性优于目前献各种方法．     

Preservation of organic matter in sediments promoted by iron

The biogeochemical cycles of iron and organic carbon are strongly interlinked. In oceanic waters, organic ligands have been shown to control the concentration of dissolved iron. In soils, solid iron phases shelter and preserve organic carbon, but the role of iron in the preservation of organic matter in sediments has not been clearly established. Here we use an iron reduction method previously applied to soils to determine the amount of organic carbon associated with reactive iron phases in sediments of various mineralogies collected from a wide range of depositional environments. Our findings suggest that 21.5?±?8.6 per cent of the organic carbon in sediments is directly bound to reactive iron phases. We further estimate that a global mass of (19-45)?×?10(15)?grams of organic carbon is preserved in surface marine sediments as a result of its association with iron. We propose that these associations between organic carbon and iron, which are formed primarily through co-precipitation and/or direct chelation, promote the preservation of organic carbon in sediments. Because reactive iron phases are metastable over geological timescales, we suggest that they serve as an efficient 'rusty sink' for organic carbon, acting as a key factor in the long-term storage of organic carbon and thus contributing to the global cycles of carbon, oxygen and sulphur.     

Seismicity in Romania--evidence for the sinking lithosphere

The revision of Romanian earthquakes shows a distribution suggesting a sinking lithosphere under the Carpathian arc. Thermal and gravitational anomalies, as well as petrological and tectonic features, provide further evidence on the cause and character of intermediate earthquakes of Romania. This is consistent with the theory of plate tectonics in south-east Europe.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液有机物质量浓度的预测

用假设垃圾填埋场液固相中的有机物按一级反应降解而推导出的有机物质量浓度计算模型,并利用其来预测渗滤液中COD质量浓度,根据F.G.Pohland(循环、非循环)和M.E.Tittlehaum的实验数据验证,结果表明:所建立的模型能够较准确地预测垃圾场渗滤液中的COD质量浓度,Pohland循环、Pohland非循环和Tittlehaum循环3种模式下的模型参数相关系数分别为0.892 5,0.947 4和0.916 4.以娄底市垃圾填埋场为例,最终选用了由Pohland非循环模式确定的方程及参数对垃圾渗滤液中的COD质量浓度进行预测.预测结果表明,娄底市垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的COD质量浓度在填埋初期呈逐步上升趋势,最大COD质量浓度出现在填埋后的第210 d左右,为18.324 g/L;随后浓度开始缓慢下降,在填埋后的第720 d左右时浓度约为4.649 g/L.通过与其他城市已建成的垃圾填埋场的监测数据比较,预测结果具有较高的可信度,说明该模型及其参数能够满足垃圾填埋场设计的需要,可为填埋场水处理设施的设计提供依据.     

土壤有机质测定方法对比分析

采用不同方法(TOC分析仪法、550℃烧失量法、950℃烧失量法和水合热重铬酸钾氧化比色法)测定长江底沉积物标准物质中有机质含量,并分析不同测定方法的准确度、精密度及对测定土壤有机质含量的影响,结果表明:在实验准确度和精密度方面,TOC分析仪法最高,950℃烧失量法最低.采用以上4种方法对南京秦淮河沿程5个断面采取的表...