早晚弱光下不同基因型小麦光合碳同化酶活性差异的研究

研究了三个基因型小麦早晚弱光下旗叶的光合速率及其碳同化酶活性．结果表明：早晚弱光下光合速率存在基因型差异．对造成这种差异的原因进行分析表明，早晚弱光下光合速率差异（尤其是早弱光下）主要与RuBP羧化酶的活性有关，与PEP羧化酶的相关不显著，与PEP羧化酶与RuBP羧化酶的比值无关．     

小麦穗光合作用对干旱胁迫的响应

研究了土壤干旱胁迫下小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）穗光合作用的特点．结果表明，干旱胁迫下，穗光合速率下降幅度远小于叶片，类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值较高且稳定，PEPC活性诱导增强，暗示穗器官有较强的耐逆性，旗叶是较敏感的器官．     

通径分析在冬小麦受渍胁迫诊断指标敏感性分析中的应用

根据冬小麦测坑试验结果,采用相关分析和通径分析的方法,计算了以叶片光合速率Pn、气孔导度Cond、蒸腾速率Tr、叶面温度T1、光合有效辐射PAR和地下水位累积水深SEW50 6种排水决策指标为自变量对作物阶段干物质产量的通径系数、相关系数、决定系数和对回归方程估测可靠程度R2的总贡献,建立了作物受渍胁迫诊断指标对干物质产量的回归方程.结果表明,影响干物质产量最大的是叶片光合速率,其次是地下水累计水深和叶片温度,决定系数分析结果与通径分析结果有一致的变化趋势.通过自变量指标的减少对结果的影响分析发现,在追求受渍胁迫下冬小麦干物质生产最优目标时,排水决策指标要注意叶片光合速率、地下水累计水深和叶片温度的变化.     

山核桃果皮黄酮提取液对四种作物苗期光合性能的影响

采用6种浓度山核桃果皮黄酮提取液（0.1～2.0mg·L^-1）处理盆栽小麦、玉米、大豆和绿豆幼苗,研究对苗期叶片光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO2等光合性能的影响.结果显示：在试验浓度范围内,黄酮提取液对四种作物苗期的光合性能具有低浓度促进、高浓度抑制影响;0.1、0.5mg·L^-1黄酮提取液提高了叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量,促进光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,适当增加细胞间隙内部的CO2浓度,以0.1mg·L^-1处理效果最明显,与对照相比,四种作物的叶绿素总量和光合速率最高增加了20.9%和21%,处理的影响达显著或极显著水平（（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;超过0.5mg·L^-1叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率逐渐降低,细胞间隙的CO2浓度快速增加.研究表明,适宜浓度的山核桃黄酮提取液具有提高叶片叶绿素含量,促进气孔开放度,增加对细胞内的CO2供应,改善叶片光合性能的作用.     

北疆棉花光合,蒸腾作用基本特性与测试技术的探讨

在北疆大田自然条件下，棉叶光合晴天日变化呈双峰和单峰两种形式。光合速率上午大于下午。蒸腾速率呈单峰曲线，最大值出现在温度最高的１５：００－１６：００时，打顶前主茎自上而下第１和第４完全展开叶Ｐｎ最高，打顶后第１展开叶最高；Ｔｒ在打顶前后均是第１完全展开叶为最强。     

The VER2 promoter contains repeated sequences and requires vernalization for its activity in winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）

Previously, we isolated a vernalization-related gene, VER2, from winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its expression was restricted in the immature leaves of vernalized wheat seedlings. To further investigate the regulation of VER2 expression and the function of its promoter, we isolated a 41.7 kb genomic clone containing VER2 gene from atransformation-competent artificial chromosome (TAC) library of wheat (Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa). The sequence analysis showed that there were eleven predicted genes in the TAC. The exons of gene 3 corresponded to the cDNA sequence of VER2 gene. Analysis of VER2 promoter structure showed that there were three small repeat sequences divided by two large repeat sequences. The putative response elements, such as abscisic acid response elements (ABRE), MeJA-response elements (Me-JARE), low-temperature response elements (LTR), endosperm expression elements, MYB binding sites and similar elements to GA response elements (GARE), were involved in the VER2 promoter region. Construct containing the VER2 promoter (-5895 to 73) driving GFP reporter gene was bombarded into vernalized or non-verualized immature leaves in wheat. The vernalized immature leaves showed bright green fluorescence after incubation for 24 h, however, the green fluorescence was not observed in the non-vernalization leaves under the same condition. These results suggested that vernalization was essential for the function of VER2 promoter in the immature leaves of winter wheat.     

转SOD基因烟草的光合特性初探

 以转基因Fe-SOD,Mn-SOD高表达、转基因Mn-SOD反义低表达烟草及非转基因品系为供试材料,比较CO₂光强对烟草光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响及不同叶位叶片的光合差异.在相同条件下,Mn-SOD高表达烟草CO₂补偿点最高(105μmol·mol^-1),Mn-SOD低表达烟草最低(78μmol·mol^-1),CO₂浓度对非转基因烟草蒸腾作用的影响比对其他三个转基因品系的影响要强.Mn-SOD低表达烟草的光补偿点最高(45μmol·m^-2·s^-1),而Mn-SOD高表达烟草最低(25μmol·m^-2·s^-1),并且强光对非转基因烟草的光合作用抑制大,转基因品系对强光具有较强的耐受力.同一叶位叶片,转基因烟草的光合速率、蒸腾速率更强.但转基因SOD高表达烟草在整体上并没有表现出明显的光合作用优势.     

Water-carbon coupling modeling of summer maize at the leaf and canopy scales

Transpiration and photosynthesis are two closely related and intercoupled processes that dominate the physiological activities and yield of crops. Therefore, there is a need to study water-carbon coupling modeling at various scales to increase water use efficiency (WUE). Using a summer maize field in North China as an example, the variations in leaf and canopy photosynthesis and transpiration (or evapotranspiration) were analyzed. The synthetic model of photosynthesis-transpiration based on stomatal behavior (SMPT-SB) was then calibrated and validated at the two scales. The leaf photosynthesis and transpiration, as well as the canopy photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, have a consistent diurnal trend. However, the canopy evapotranspiration is affected more by topsoil moisture content. The regression coefficient between leaf photosynthesis, transpiration, and WUE estimated by the SMPT-SB and the measured values was found to approach 1, with a coefficient of determination of more than 0.74. The relative error between the two sets of values is less than 11%. Therefore, the SMPT-SB could express fairly well leaf photosynthesis, transpiration, and WUE. The estimated canopy-scale photosynthesis by the SMPT-SB is also in good agreement with the measured values. However, this model underestimates the canopy evapotranspiration when the topsoil has high moisture content and therefore overestimates, to a certain extent, the canopy WUE.     

Climate as the dominant control on C<Subscript>3</Subscript> and C<Subscript>4</Subscript> plant abundance in the Loess Plateau: Organic carbon isotope evidence from the last glacial-interglacial loess-soil sequences

Two modes of photosynthesis predominate in terres-REPORTS trial plants: the C3 and C4 modes[1]. The C3 mode is used by all of trees, bushes, and cold season grasses. The C4 mode is used by the most of tropical and warm season grasses. They are disadvantaged relative to C3 plants at high CO2/O2 ratios because of the additional energy ex-pense needed to concentrate CO2 in the bundle-sheath cells. At low CO2/O2, however, C4 plants can achieve a relatively high quantum yield by suppressin…     

PEG胁迫对玉米幼苗光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探讨PEG胁迫对玉米幼苗光合生理特征影响,采用水培试验对玉米杂交种郑单958幼苗以10%、15%、20%PEG进行胁迫24、48、72 h后,分别测定了叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素荧光参数等光合生理指标。结果表明:随着PEG胁迫浓度增加,玉米幼苗叶片的、Pn、Gs与Tr均显著下降,且胁迫浓度增高以及胁迫时间延长,各指标下降幅度增大,同时基础荧光(F0)、非光化学猝灭(NPQ)呈上升趋势,最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际化学效率(φPSⅡ)呈下降趋势。但在10%和15%PEG胁迫下,玉米幼苗叶片中Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、NPQ和φPSⅡ间均无显著差异,但与20%PEG胁迫下各指标间差异均达到显著水平。可见,随着水分胁迫程度增加,玉米幼苗叶片Pn、Tr、Gs受到抑制,其PSⅡ光能转化效率降低,热能散增加,光化学活性受到抑制,致使光合作用显著降低,影响其生长发育。     

Discovery and demonstration of small circular DNA molecules derived from Chinese tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Tomato yetlow leaf curl viruses betong to Begomoviruses of geminiviruses. In this work, we first found and demonstrated that the small circular DNA molecules were derived from Chinese tomato yetlow leaf curl viruses (TYLCV-CHI). These small circular DNA molecules are about 1,3 kb, which are half the full-length of TYLCV-CHI DNA A. It was shown by sequence determination and analysis that there was unknown-origin sequence insertion in the middle of the small molecules. These sequences of unknown-origin were neither homologous to DNA A nor to DNA B, and were formed by recombination of virus DNA and plant DNA. Although various defective molecules contained different unknown-origin sequence insertion, all the molecules contained the intergenic region and part of the AC1 (Rep) gene. But they did not contain full ORF.     

Molecular characterization of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato yellow leaf curl China</Emphasis> virus and its satellite DNA isolated from tobacco

Virus isolates, Y8, Y36 and Y38, were obtained from tobacco plants showing leaf curl symptoms in Honghe,Yunnan Province. In reactions with 14 monoclonal antibodies raised against Begomoviras particles, Y8, Y36 and Y38 had similar antigenic reaction in TAS-ELISA as Tomato yellow leaf carl China virus (TYLCCNV). The complete DNA-A nueleotide sequences of Y8, Y36 and Y38 were determined and they contain 2727, 2730 and 2730 nueleotides, respectively. Each of the DNA-A sequences has a typical Begomovirus genome organization encoding 60RFs with 20RFs[AVI(CP) and AV2] in virion-sense DNA and 40RFs (AC1 to AC4) in complementary-sense DNA. Comparisons with total DNA-A, intergenie region and deduced amino acid sequences of individual ORFs show that Y8, Y36 and Y38 are isolates of TYLCCNV. Satellite DNA molecules (DNAβ) were found to be associated with Y8, Y36 and Y38, which consist of 1338, 1339 and 1338 nucleotides, respectively. Comparisons show that these DNAβ molecules share 98%--99% sequence identities on nucleotide level and have a common ORF (designated C1) encoding 126 amino acids on the complementary strand.     

Electrochemical properties of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.3</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>/Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> cells

Spinel compounds LiNi_0.5Mn_1.3Ti_0.2O₄ (LNMTO) and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) were synthesized by different methods. The particle sizes of LNMTO and LTO are 0.5–2 and 0.5–0.8 μm, respectively. The LNMTO/LTO cell exhibits better electrochemical properties at both a low current rate of 0.2C and a high current rate of 1C. When the specific capacity was determined based on the mass of the LNMTO cathode, the LNMTO/LTO cell delivered 137 mA·h·g⁻¹ at 0.2C and 118.2 mA·h·g⁻¹ at 1C, and the corresponding capacity retentions after 30 cycles are 88.5% and 92.4%, respectively.     

白桦转BpGH3.5基因叶片早衰突变株的光合特性及生长分析

【目的】植物叶片早衰将影响作物产量和品质,研究叶片早衰机制对于培育耐早衰优良品种具有重要意义。【方法】以转BpGH3.5基因的白桦叶片早衰突变株(G4)、非转基因白桦(WT)及叶片正常的转基因白桦(G21)等为材料,测定其叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)等光合指标,测定苗高的时序变化规律。【结果】叶片早衰突变影响了叶片叶绿素的合成及积累,突变株的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)均值为36.08,相对两个对照株系分别下降7.34%、7.48%。叶片早衰突变影响了白桦光合呼吸作用。突变株的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别为WT野生株系的67.54%、64.44%、64.93%,胞间CO₂浓度达到234.33 μmol/mol,显著高于G21对照株系( P<0.05)。突变株的当年高生长显著低于WT、G21 两个对照株系,当年高生长分别是WT、G21 两个对照株系的68.9%、85.0%。利用Logistic方程对3个参试株系当年苗高生长量的变化过程进行了拟合,其系数均高于0.98,同时,通过Logistic方程计算的生长参数揭示了早衰突变株高生长较两个对照株系低的原因是速生期苗高平均生长量(GR)、苗高日生长量的平均值(GD)等生长参数较低。【结论】转BpGH3.5基因的白桦发生了叶片早衰现象,使叶绿素提前降解,影响了光合呼吸作用,进而影响了苗高生长。     

Some traits of low temperature germplasm wheat under extremely unfavorable weather conditions

Through a long-term observation on the canopy temperature and some traits of wheat the temperature germplasm of wheat was found to result in the wheats having either a high or a low plant temperature. Under normal weather conditions, the wheat having a low temperature germplasm (LTG) demonstrated several advantageous physiologi-cal and agronomic traits than those having a high temperature germplasm (HTG). Under the extremely unfavorableweather conditions, such as rainy weather or severe drought, LTG wheat still could maintain its superiority to HTG wheat in physiological and agronomic traits including leaf functional duration, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis rate, root vitality and kernel plumpness. The wide adaptability of LTG wheat to awide range of meteoro-ecological conditions could provide a valuable germplasm in breeding of good strains with broad-spectrum stress resistance.     

蜘蛛拖牵丝蛋白基因转家蚕表达质粒的构建

利用DNA重组技术对络新妇蛛(Nephila clavipes)拖牵丝蛋白基因MaSp1高度重复序列进行多次重组,人工构建成1.6 kb的蜘蛛拖牵丝蛋白人工基因Sil-E,DNA序列分析证明了人工基因序列的正确性.将家蚕L链基因启动子片段、L链cDNA、L链基因终止子融合在一起,构建成丝腺特异性表达单元.再与Sil-E融合构建成蜘蛛拖牵丝蛋白基因家蚕丝腺特异表达单元.将该表达单元克隆到转座子piggyBac的转基因载体中,获得了蜘蛛拖牵丝蛋白转基因表达载体.采用显微注射法将其与辅助质粒共导入到家蚕蚕卵中.筛选转基因阳性个体,经PCR和Southern杂交鉴定,结果表明目的基因整合到家蚕基因组中,为进一步研究家蚕作为生物反应器表达蜘蛛拖牵丝蛋白基因奠定了基础.     

Cloning and analysis of the antagonistic related genes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enterobacter cloacae</Emphasis> B8

To understand the antagonistic mechanism of the broad spectrum antagonistic Enterobacter cloacae B8,Tn5 transposon-mediated mutagenesis is performed using suicide plasmid pZJ25. Two mutant strains that lost antagonistic character are isolated. Tagging with kanr gene on Tn5,an antagonistic related DNA fragment, the F fragment, right of the Tn5 insertion site is cloned in a plasmid named pTLF,from one of the mutant strains B8F. The 733 bp F fragment is then sequenced after subcloning. Genomic DNA of the original B8 strain is isolated, digested with Pst I and ligated to Pst I cassette. DNA fragments left and right of the F fragment are amplified from the Pst I cassette library using cassette primer and specific primers designed according to known sequence. 1106 bp sequence left of the F fragment and 664bp sequence right of the F fragment are finally obtained. Bioinformatics analysis shows that the contig assembled from the sequences of the cloned antagonistic related DNA fragments of B8 encodes three ORFs and is homogeneous to admM,admN and admO genes of Pantoea agglomerans andrimid biosynthetic gene cluster (AY192157). The ORF, named anrF gene which encodes a polyketide synthase, knocked out by Tn5 insertion, is a homology of admM and the insertion site of Tn5 is at 214 bp upstream of the stop codon. It is concluded that the anrF gene is a gene related to the antagonistic activity of E. cloacae B8, and speculated that the antagonistic substance produced by B8 is an andrimid.     

Genetic analysis and gene fine mapping of a rolling leaf mutant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">rl</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">11(t)</Emphasis></Subscript>) in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The exploration of new genes controlling rice leaf shape is an important foundation for rice functional genomics and plant archi-tecture improvement. In the present study, we identified a rolling leaf mutant from indica variety Yuefeng B, named rl_11(t), which exhibited reduced plant height, rolling and narrow leaves. Leaves in rl_11(t) mutant showed abnormal number and morphology of veins compared with those in wild type plants. In addition, rl_11(t) mutant was less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of auxin than the wild type. Genetic analysis suggested that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene. Gene Rl_11(t) was initially mapped between SSR markers RM6089 and RM124 on chromosome 4. Thirty-two new STS markers around the Rl_11(t) region were developed for fine mapping. A physical map encompassing the Rl_11(t) locus was constructed and the target gene was finally delimited to a 31.6 kb window between STS4-25 and STS4-26 on BAC AL606645. This provides useful information for cloning of Rl_11(t) gene.