From Cybernetics and VSD to Management and Action

This paper uses Stafford Beer's Viable Systems Diagnosis (VSD) to suggest that the development of a model for actionable theory in organizations would take the form of a three-step process. The first step involves the definition and explanation of an appropriate theory base, the second theory interpretation into a coherent set of action principles and the third contextual action in organizations. We contend that even for a well-informed and widely read manager gleaning the theoretical basis for this process from the recognized Beer trilogy “Brain of the Firm,” “The Heart of the Enterprise” and “Diagnosing the System” is difficult to justify in terms of time, understanding, and action. We maintain that a sound set of action principles emanating from Beer's primary work must be considered before tackling the noted trilogy. We use Beer's initial text “Cybernetics and Management” to trace some fundamental operational research and the interdisciplinary tripartite science of cybernetics. We commence our action model process with some introductory thoughts into operational research, cybernetics, VSD, and contextual action. Our first step toward action involves some primary definitions and principles of cybernetic theory and the prospect of controlling overwhelming variety. Our second step provides our set of coherent potential action principles fundamental to cybernetic theory. The paper is written in a journalistic rather than academic style reflecting the need to couch the interpretation of the theory in a language that the well-informed manager may readily translate into third step contextual practice.     

Toward a Buddhist Systems Methodology 3: An Application in a Taiwanese Non-Governmental Organization

This paper describes the application of a Buddhist systems methodology (BSM) to tackle a significant conflict (and underlying issues) threatening the future of a large non-governmental Buddhist membership organization in Taiwan. An evaluation of the BSM, undertaken six months after the intervention, demonstrated positive impacts, including a major reduction in conflict; improved communications across the organization (especially from the bottom-up); a successful restructuring to address some of the underlying issues; a significant upturn in the recruitment and retention of members; and a consequential turn-around of the organization's financial position. In addition, several senior managers took on the BSM for their personal use, trained others, and cascaded the methodology down the organization. This resulted in the official adoption of the BSM as the ‘main decision-making system’ for part of the organization, and the start of wider dissemination. Based on these results, the authors argue that the BSM may have more general utility for problem solving and problem prevention in Taiwanese (and possibly other) Buddhist organizations.

整数规划的一种线性规划解法

根据凸分析理论和单纯形法原理，提出了整数规划的一个线性规划解法。该方法主旨是将整数规划问题的离散的可行集填充成一个连续的单纯形，这样原整数规划问题就化为该单纯形上的一个新的线性规划问题。利用单纯形法求解该线性规划问题，便可得到整数规划的最优解。且进一步提出并证明了指派问题的线性规划解法。     

一种基于双桥接器的分布仿真跨协议互连方法

基于分布交互仿真（Distributed Interactive Simulation,简称DIS）和高层体系结构（HighLevel Architecture,简称HLA）的跨协议互连技术是最近的研究难点和热点。讨论了DIS和HLA在分布交互仿真应用方面的特点,针对基于DIS和HLA的仿真系统间的互连问题,提出了一种基于双桥接器和Socket通信的分布交互仿真跨协议互连方法,其中包括DIS演练和HLA联邦间的实体协议转换、事件协议转换和时间管理策略等。应用结果表明,该方法在处理分布交互仿真系统的跨协议互连方面是可行的。     

TCP-RED路由队列建模与分析

用NS2构建了TCP-RED系统（网络业务流是TCP包，以RED为AQM算法），以产生模拟Internet业务流的数据。基于机理分析与数据驱动相结合的思想，建立了Internet业务流的控制模型用于研究TCP-RED系统的动态特性。从RED的分段特性出发，从切换系统的角度分析了TCP-RED系统，发现网络流量的波动是由于RED的切换特性引起的。通过根轨迹法分析了此切换系统中子系统的稳定性。提出了一种在实际网络环境中调整RED来控制流量波动（甚至混沌）的方法。本文所得的RED参数调节法基于实际网络数据的分析，而不是只依赖经验或机理分析。NS2的仿真实验证实了它的有效性。     

基于连续滑模控制的主动队列管理算法及仿真

基于一种改进的滑模控制器提出了一种主动队列管理（AQM）算法。采用连续的滑模控制（SMC）方案来取代不连续的切换控制，消除了滑模控制中存在的抖振现象从而使队列跟踪性能得到改善．对于网络模型的不确定性、网络参数的时变性及非TCP适应流所引起的网络抖动试算法具有很强的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明该方法可以使队列长度快速收敛到设定值，同时使队列振荡最小，结果也表明在网络条件变化的情况下，该算法优于传统的PI控制和传统的滑模控制。     

基于DEA的造船企业经营效率分析评价

根据数据包络分析方法,结合造船企业的投入和产出特点,建立了综合考虑造船企业经营效率的投入产出指标体系和评价模型.基于国内外19家造船企业2006年的投入和产出经营数据,分别测评出了各家企业的综合效率值,给出了低效率企业的产出不足量和投入冗余量.为使分析可靠,对投入产出指标组合进行了敏感度分析.结果反映该方法客观、准确,可有效评价造船企业经营效率,并为改进企业经营方法提供有价值的信息.     

巡航导弹对地空导弹的突防概率仿真研究

提出了巡航导弹对地空导弹突防能力研究的必要性，建立了巡航导弹与地空导弹的攻防对抗模型，在典型作战条件下对巡航导弹的突防概率进行了大量的统计仿真，结果表明，建立的攻防对抗模型是准确有效的。另外，对仿真结果进行了深入地分析研究，得出了提高巡航导弹突防能力的多种有效措施，为巡航导弹的设计定型和作战使用提供了强有力的科学理论依据。     

基于传输线理论的零阶谐振器FDTD分析与优化

通过FDTD数值仿真,完全由电路理论所描述的零阶谐振器特性得到了证实。通过对电路参数的研究可以更好的定性分析零阶谐振器特性:谐振频点的数量取决于单元结构的个数,而零阶谐振频率是不依赖于结构长度的。改变短路电感的长度及金属导孔的位置,可以调整零阶谐振频率。通过对结构的进一步优化,可以获得一个更小的1.5个单元结构零阶谐振器模型,该模型在1.9GHz频率上具有较好的无负载品质因数Q。     

Rhetorics and Realities in Public Service Organizations: Systemic Practice and Organizational Learning as Critically Reflexive Action Research (CRAR)

This article sets out to develop an argument and theory-in-practice related to organizational learning and systemic practice as critically reflexive action research (CRAR). It explores principles and concepts associated with CRAR, in the context of different emphases in understandings of and approaches to managing or working with change. The notion of epistemologies of practice is developed, as the basis for introducing on-site and off-site CRAR as interweaving cycles of managerial and organizational learning. A multilayered illustration of an improvisational CRAR environment, using principles of dialectical enquiry and critical learning theater, is offered. A diagrammatic analysis provides the framework for describing and reflecting critically on key CRAR processes. This is expanded with a consideration of possibilities for documentation that can assist with the validation of quality in CRAR processes and outcomes. This has relevance in the context of postpositivist action research at postgraduate levels or within project-based CRAR partnerships. This leads to a further discussion of principles and concepts, in the context of other literature and pressures on public services.     

瓶颈网络TCP/主动队列管理模型及仿真

提出了一种基于离散时间Markov链的时延闭环反馈TCP/AQM(Active Queue Management)模型,并得到其稳态分布.通过以环路时延为单位,将系统时间分割成长度不同的时隙,分析每个时隙内TCP发送端发送窗口模型和瓶颈路由器队列模型.通过结合相邻时隙的参数,提出了TCP/AQM整体分析模型.该模型可以估计路由器的队列平均长度和丢包率、TCP发送端的平均发送窗口值,因此可以用于分析AQM算法性能以及给新算法的设计提供理论支持.通过在Matlab实施该模型与NS2仿真结果作比较,证实了该模型在模拟时延闭环反馈的TCP/RED系统的有效性.     

基于随机回报网的机群系统可用性建模及仿真

随机回报网作为随机Petri网的一个分枝,在多个方面扩展了模型的描述功能,提高了建模效率和分析能力。采用随机回报网对机群系统进行建模和分析,综合考虑了机群前端的分配器和后端的服务器对系统整体性能的影响,给出了性能指标的计算方法,并结合实例进行了分析。     

基于B/S架构的人才招聘选拔GDSS设计与实现

针对现代企业人才招聘选拔过程符合群体决策的特点,将Web技术引入到群体决策支持系统(GDSS)设计中,构建了基于B/S架构的人才招聘选拔GDSS。该系统按照异地异时群体决策类型进行设计并予以实现,能免去在招聘过程中招聘者必须亲临现场的要求,使人才招聘工作更加专业化、智能化和科学化。该系统已在实践性教学中得到应用,表明系统具有良好的可行性与实用性。     

产品开发过程资源管理及其仿真

资源建模是现代产品开发过程管理的一个重要问题。首先分析了产品开发过程中的资源及其属性和分类，形成了可以在仿真模型中应用的资源类。应用有色Petri网仿真软件，建立了基于资源分配和控制的产品开发过程模型。在对模型的交互式仿真过程中，实现了对资源使用性能的定量分析和资源优化配置。从仿真结果看，该方法具有很好的应用价值。     

Systems Language for e-Democracy: Personal Resource Systems Management (PRSM), a Model and Action Research

In ancient Athens, the Agora was a place for collective decision making about personal and community issues. New Agoras, most recently Internet-enabled ones, now propose to enliven participatory democracy and establish systems by which our institutions can serve us and we can govern ourselves (B. H. Banathy, Guided Evolution of Society: A Systems View, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York, 2000). Effective participation in such activity will require a language and consciousness not currently in evidence, and learning beyond current parameters. In this article, high school students from Stephanie Williams' Child Development classes at McDowell High School, Millcreek Township School District, demonstrate use of a new paradigm. This model of Personal Resource Systems Management provides systems language for Agora discourse enabling effective participatory democracy.