Influence of rarefaction wave on premixed flame structure and propagation behavior

To explore the influence of rarefaction wave on the structure and propagation behavior of the premixed propane/air flame in a rectangle combustion pipe, the techniques of high speed Schlieren photograph method, pressure measurement and so on are used to study the interaction processes between rarefaction wave and flame. Two cases of rarefaction wave-flame interaction were performed in the experiment. The experimental result shows that both the rarefaction waves can cause the flame transition from laminar to turbulent combustion quickly. The cowflow rarefaction wave decreases the flame speed, while the counterflow rarefaction wave leads the flame propagation speed to increasing on the whole, accompanied with sharp vibration.     

Experimental study on interference effect of rarefaction wave on laminar propagating flame

In order to study the interference effect of rarefaction wave on the laminar flame propagating structure and pressure characteristics of methane-air mixture, a small scale combustion chamber has been built. The techniques of high speed Schlieren photograph, pressure measurement and so on, are used to study the influence of rarefaction wave on the laminar flame propagating through methane-air mixture. The results show that, after the rarefaction wave acts on the propagation laminar flame, the laminar combustion is fully transformed into turbulent combustion just during several milliseconds, which leads to a sharp increase in the burning surface area and the pressure rise rate.     

Microstructure of premixed propane/air flame in the transition from laminar to turbulent combustion

In order to explore the flame structure and propagation behavior of premixed propane/air in the transi-tion from laminar to turbulent combustion, the high speed camera and Schlieren images methods were used to record the photograph of flame propagation process in a semi-vented pipe. Meanwhile, the super-thin thermocouple and ionization current probe methods were applied to detect the temperature distribution and reaction intensity of combustion reaction. The characteristics of propane/air flame propagation and microstructure were analyzed in detail by the experimental results coupled with chemical reaction thermodynamics. In the test, the particular tulip flame behavior and the formation process in the laminar-turbulent transition were disclosed clearly. From the Schlieren images and iron current results, one conclusion can be drawn that the small-scale turbulent combustion also appeared in laminar flame, which made little influence on the flame shape, but increased the flame thickness obviously.     

Experimental and LES investigation of flame propagation in a hydrogen/air mixture in a combustion vessel

This work presents an experimental and numerical investigation of premixed flame propagation in a hydrogen/air mixture in a closed combustion vessel. In the experiment, high-speed schlieren video photography and pressure sensor are used to examine the flame dynamics and pressure transient. In the numerical study, a large eddy simulation （LES） based on a RNG sub-grid approach and a LES combustion model is applied to reproduce experi- mental observations. The effects of four physical phenomena on the burning velocity are considered in the combustion model, and the impact of grid type on the combustion dynamics is examined in the LES calculations. The flame experiences four stages both in experiment and LES calculations with structured and unstructured grids, i.e., spherical flame, finger-shaped flame, flame with its skirt in contact with the sidewalls, and tulip-shaped flame. The flame speed and pressure in the vessel develop with periodical oscillations in both the experiment and LES simulations due to the interaction of flame front with pressure wave. The numerical simulations compare well with the detailed experimental measurements, especially in term of the flame shape and position, pressure build-up, and periodical oscillation behaviors. The LES combustion model is successfully validated against the bench-scale experiment. It is put into evidence that mesh type has an impact to a certain extent on the numerical combustion dynamics, and the LES calculation on structured grid canpredict the flame dynamics and pressure rise more accu- rately than that on unstructured grid with the same mesh resolution. The flame shape is more asymmetrical in the LES on an unstructured grid than that on a structured grid, and both the flame speed and the pressure rise at the later flame stage are underestimated in the LES on the unstructured grid.     

氧浓度对斯特林发动机燃用不同燃料时燃烧火焰特征的影响

利用高速摄影技术,研究了以乙醇为燃料时斯特林发动机引射气流中氧浓度对燃烧的火焰长度、色度、燃烧速度以及燃烧稳定性等的影响.结果表明：在引射空气时,随着氧气浓度的提高,火焰的稳定性及火焰传播速度提高,燃烧火焰长度变短,火焰变得更明亮,且柴油火焰亮度比乙醇大;在有引射气流的作用下,氧浓度对燃烧特征参数的影响较小.

     

非均匀电场对火焰传播速率的影响

在定容燃烧装置上,通过改变加载电压和电极结构形成了不同的非匀强电场,由此研究了电场对预混层流火焰形状和传播速率的影响.结果表明:在非均匀电场下,尖-网电极对应的火焰形状发生了显著变化,尖-柱电极对应的火焰形状变化较小；受离子风的影响,沿电场方向的火焰水平方向传播速率增加,加载电压越大,火焰水平方向传播速率增加得越多；当加载电压为-5 kV、-10kV、-12 kV时,尖-网电极对应的水平方向平均传播速率分别增加了10.4％、23.7％、34.1％,尖-柱电极对应的水平方向平均传播速率分别增加了2.5％、7.5％、8.8％；加载电压相同时,尖-网电极比尖-柱电极对应的火焰水平方向传播速率增加得更多.     

垂直管道中锆粉云火焰传播速度特性及锆颗粒群燃烧模型

在粉尘云瞬态火焰实验系统上开展实验研究,揭示了垂直管道中锆金属云的火焰传播速度特性并建立了垂直管道中向上运动的锆颗粒群燃烧模型. 研究结果表明,锆颗粒的燃烧产物二氧化锆颗粒具有单斜和四方两种晶相. 管道中的锆粉云浓度高低可根据火焰锋面形状进行初始判断. 垂直管道中锆粉云的最大火焰传播速度随锆粉云浓度的增加先增大后减小,这是由于管道中富燃料燃烧缺氧和未燃颗粒吸收体系热能而造成. 锆粉云浓度为0.625 kg/m3时,管道中出现最快火焰的传播速度可达39.7 m/s. 在锆颗粒群燃烧模型中将颗粒燃烧过程分为4个阶段. 从宏观现象和微观机理上对锆粉云在垂直管道中的火焰传播过程进行了表征.      

半封闭空间甲烷爆炸初期火焰传播时空分布研究

通过小尺度实验,研究了半封闭空间甲烷爆炸火焰前沿位置、传播速度随时间和空间的变化规律,以及甲烷浓度对其的影响。研究得出：在时间分布上,甲烷爆炸初期欠焰前沿位置和传播速度随时间近似呈指数型增长,传播速度存在波动性;甲烷浓度越大,火焰初始传播速度越大。在空间分布上,在火焰前沿达到管道长径比蓬～6之前,传播速度在20m/s以下,达到4～6处,速度开始明显增大;在管径相确的管道中,甲烷在化学当量比附近由燃烧达到爆炸的距离最短;当甲烷浓度向大小两个方向变化时,由燃烧达到爆炸的距离逐渐增大。     

火花点火发动机燃烧室内温度场的实验研究

在实际点火发动机上，利用激光剪切法结合高速摄影，测取了大量燃烧室内干涉条纹图，获取了缸内燃烧的二维温度场，并估算出火焰传播速度。从温度场可以看出，燃烧过程中缸内大致可分3个区：已燃区、未燃区和燃烧区。燃烧区温度最高，温度梯度大；已燃区温度次之，梯度较小；未燃区温度最低，但梯度较大。燃烧过程中，缸内的火焰面以近似球面向未燃区推进，火焰传播速度开始较小，随着燃烧的进行，迅速增大，达到一最大值后，逐渐减小，直至燃遍整个燃烧室。     

瓦斯体积分数对火焰传播规律影响的实验研究

为研究长直管道中体积分数对瓦斯爆炸的影响以及瓦斯爆炸火焰的传播特征,进行了有无障碍物条件下不同体积分数的瓦斯爆炸实验,用高速摄影仪拍摄火焰阵面发展的过程. 实验结果表明,火焰在密闭管道中传播经历了多次振荡的过程,这是火焰前方未燃气体在压缩波的作用下形成湍流所致;瓦斯的体积分数对最大火焰速度和火焰最大传播距离有很大的影响;得出了障碍物对火焰的传播有加速作用,接近当量体积分数的瓦斯爆炸火焰传播速度最快,在一定条件下会发生爆燃转爆轰.      

管道内运动火焰生成压力波及其特性的研究

从一维非定常守恒方程出发 ,本文用Richtmyer Lax Wendroff格式研究了压缩波、稀疏波、燃烧速率、火焰熄灭和管道长度对管内运动火焰生成压力波的影响 .结果表明 :相对于火焰面 ,同向压力波和异向稀疏波会加速火焰传播 ;异向压力波和同向稀疏波使火焰传播减速 ;增大燃烧速率使得和火焰面两侧的压力、温度增大 ;火焰熄灭时 ,火焰面变为接触间断面 ,同时产生稀疏波向火焰面两侧传播 .此后 ,接触间断面几乎处于滞止状态 ;增加管子长度会促使燃烧向爆轰转变 .     

预混气体在多孔介质中燃烧火焰面倾斜的演变

为研究多孔介质中火焰面倾斜演变及出现倾斜演变的原因,建立了二维碳化硅堆积小球的多孔介质燃烧器双温模型,对预混气体在燃烧器内的流动、传热和燃烧进行模拟.分析火焰面倾斜演变,并从温度场、气体流速场、压力场三个方面对火焰面出现倾斜演变现象进行分析.结果表明:给定初始倾斜角的火焰面会持续发展,出现更严重的倾斜现象;温度场、气体流速场、动压场通过影响燃烧化学反应速度、气体流动方向、壁面散热等间接影响火焰面的倾斜演变,导致火焰面倾斜的持续发展.     

瓦斯爆炸火焰与压力波伴生关系的数值研究

从三维非定常守恒方程出发,采用58步化学反应模型,对瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰与压力波的伴生关系进行了数值模拟.在此基础上,模拟了氢氧燃烧驱动的破膜过程以及破膜前后压缩波、稀疏波对火焰阵面的影响;同时也详细研究了瓦斯爆炸过程中,压力波、火焰与障碍物的相互作用;通过实验和模拟验证了数学模型和所编程序的可靠性.     

化学反应机理和弥散效应对多孔介质内燃烧过程的影响

采用一维反应流模型,考虑不同的化学反应机理和弥散效应的影响,数值求解多孔介质内的燃烧过程.通过对火焰结构,火焰传播速度及污染物的计算与分析,得到了不同机理的优缺点及适用范围,分析了弥散效应的影响.结果表明,当量比较小时,化学反应机理和弥散效应的影响不大;当量比较大时,结果差别较大,需要仔细选择化学反应机理和考虑弥散效应.     

汽油在O2/CO2氛围下燃烧特性试验

基于定容燃烧可视化光学平台,模拟缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机缸内燃烧环境,研究汽油在O2/CO2氛围和空气氛围下均质燃烧特性以及火焰传播特性,研究结果表明当循环喷油量一定时,相比于空气氛围,汽油在氧气浓度为40%的O2/CO2氛围下燃烧的压力升高率提高了1.8倍,着火落后期和明显燃烧期缩短近50%,放热率的峰值增大了近1倍,且峰值相位提前。过量空气系数对汽油在O2/CO2氛围下燃烧的影响较大,化学当量比时放热率的峰值达到最大,随着过量空气系数增大,最大燃烧压力增大,最大压力升高率下降,放热率的峰值下降,且峰值相位后移,反应速率下降,明显燃烧期增大,且火焰传播速度明显下降。     

不同频率高频交流电对球形传播火焰的影响

为研究不同频率高频交流电场对预混稀燃火焰的影响,对常温、常压下定容燃烧弹中过量空气系数为1.6时的甲烷/空气火焰的传播和燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明:高频交流电场作用下,火焰均在水平方向被拉伸,当加载交流电压有效值一定时,交流电频率越高,火焰在水平方向的拉伸越剧烈.与未加载电压相比,当交流电压有效值u=5kV,交流电频率f为5、7.5、10、12.5和15kHz时,平均火焰传播速度分别提高43.10%、53.45%、63.79%、74.14%和84.48%,相对燃烧压力增大率的最大值分别为0.15、0.21、0.27、0.36和0.50.由此得出,高频交流电场对火焰燃烧有一定的促进作用,且交流电频率越高,促进作用越明显.     

点火能量对天然气空气预混合气层流燃烧的影响

通过改变点火线圈的充电时间,研究了充电时间与天然气空气预混合气点火能量、预混层流燃烧速度及压力和放热率等燃烧特性参数之间的关系.结果表明:点火能量随充电时间的增加而增大,当充电时间增加到6 ms时,点火能量的增加趋势减缓;点火能量能会影响火核的形成和初期火焰的发展,当火核半径发展到8mm时,火焰传播速度不受影响;压力峰值随点火能量的增加逐渐增大且峰值位置提前,当充电时间由2 ms增加到8 ms时,最大压力峰值增加了3.8％,峰值提前8.6 ms出现,火焰发展期和快速燃烧期分别缩短了5.2 ms和1.7ms.     

Measurement of laminar burning velocities of iso-butanol-air mixtures

The laminar burning velocity of iso-butanol-air mixtures was measured under different initial pressures, initial temperatures and equivalence ratios using high-speed schlieren photography and outwardly propagation flame in a constant volume combustion bomb. Based on the analysis of stretched flame propagation speed and stretch rate, the laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of iso-butanol-air flames are obtained. In accordance, with photos of flame, an analysis of flame stability and the influencing factors is carried out. The results show that the laminar burning velocity is decreased with the increase of initial pressure and is increased with the increase of initial temperature. The maximum value of laminar burning velocity is presented at the equivalence ratio of 1.2. The Markstein length is decreased with the increase of equivalence ratio. For specified equivalence ratio, the Markstein length is decreased with the increase of initial temperature and initial pressure. Thus, the flame instability is increased with the increase of equivalence ratio, initial temperature and initial pressure.     

火焰速度与超压关系

在试验的基础上,探讨了瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰速度与超压之间的关系,研究结果表明：在瓦斯爆炸过程中,冲击波阵面的强度与火焰速度有关;无障碍物时,火焰速度小于１００ ｍ ／ｓ,产生的冲击波较弱,冲击波阵面上超压较小;随着障碍物的增多,火焰加速显著,一旦火焰速度加速超过２００ ｍ ／ｓ,冲击波阵面上的超压则显著提高,冲击波阵面强度增大,这种高速火焰的压力波所引起的爆炸波破坏效应与爆轰波产生的爆炸波破坏效应相当,对于煤矿井下来说,会严重破坏设备,导致人员的较大伤亡。     

分岔管道内瓦斯爆炸火焰传播规律实验及数值模拟

为了研究煤矿井下瓦斯爆炸火焰在分岔巷道内的传播规律,自制45°分岔管道实验装置开展甲烷体积分数为9.5%的瓦斯爆炸火焰传播实验,用Fluent 16.0软件模拟分岔管道内瓦斯爆炸火焰传播过程。对比分析实验数据与模拟结果,得到分岔管道瓦斯爆炸火焰传播的变化规律。研究结果表明:1)分岔管道内瓦斯爆炸火焰在分岔处产生漩涡,加速管道内爆炸火焰湍流化,火焰冲击反射现象明显;2)分岔支管截面处爆炸火焰温度、传播速度、冲击波超压与离子电流峰值最大;3)瓦斯爆炸火焰传播的模拟结果与实验数据在数值上存在一定差异,但各参量总体变化趋势相同。研究结果为深入认识井下瓦斯爆炸传播机制和在巷道分岔处采取瓦斯爆炸火焰传播抑制措施提供一定参考。