美国NSF生物光子学中心主任做客武汉光电论坛第10期

10月28日,美国NSF生物光子学中心(NSF-UC Davis)主任、加州大学戴维斯分校(UC Davis)癌症中心副主任Dennis L.Matthews博士做客武汉光电论坛第10期,为大家带来一场题为“面向医学与生物科学重大需求的生物光子学”的精彩报告.Dennis L.Matthews博士同时还是加州大学戴维斯分校(     

华南晚古生代Zoophycos时空分布及其控制因素

 基于对华南晚古生代3条剖面Zoophycos的精细解剖和前人资料分析,识别了螺旋形和舌形Zoophycos两种形态,揭示了华南晚古生代Zoophycos时空分布具有3个方面的特征：(1) 在时间上,Zoophycos广泛分布于早-中泥盆世(埃姆斯期-艾菲尔期)、密西西比亚纪(维宪期)及中二叠世(沃德期);(2) 在空间上,Zoophycos主要发育于黔东南、湘中南、桂东北一带;(3) 临滨至浅海下部是Zoophycos的主要产出环境。研究表明,华南晚古代Zoophycos的时空分布与大气含氧量(17%—24%),气候和温度(20—25℃),海水地球化学成分(方解石海Mg/Ca<2)以及生物灭绝事件等具有耦合关系。     

白云凹陷北坡珠江组下部储层生物遗迹及沉积演化特征

南海北部珠江口盆地的白云凹陷北坡新近系底部的陆架边缘三角洲前缘砂体有良好的油气储集条件,具有巨大的油气勘探价值。以珠江口盆地白云凹陷北坡—番禺低隆起珠江组下部为研究对象,将常规的岩心观察、地震相分析等手段与生物遗迹分析相结合,探索其沉积环境特征及演化规律。结果表明：陆架坡折处发育陆架边缘三角洲前缘亚相沉积,发育以水下分流河道和河口坝为主的沉积微相,发育Skolithos遗迹相,局部生物扰动剧烈。陆架坡折以北整体发育滨海三角洲沉积,以分流间湾和水下分流河道沉积微相为主,发育Skolithos-Cruziana遗迹相,生物扰动程度以中等—剧烈扰动为主,局部为稀少生物扰动。研究区的沉积演化可以分为海退期(21.0～19.0 Ma)和海侵期(19.0～18.5 Ma)两个阶段,海退期物源充沛,在陆架坡折处发育陆架边缘三角洲前缘亚相沉积;海侵期海平面上升,发育退积三角洲,在陆架坡折以北发育滨海三角洲前缘亚相沉积。     

早-中奥陶世华南古海洋氧化还原变化及其对奥陶纪生物大辐射的意义

为了进一步探讨奥陶纪生物大辐射期间环境影响和控制因素, 对安徽南部将军岭剖面黑色页岩的有机碳含量(TOC)、总硫含量(TS)和黄铁矿硫同位素(δ³⁴S_py)进行测试分析。TOC与TS表现出正相关性, 说明可能是非硫化环境中的沉积产物。δ³⁴S_py在弗洛期表现出显著的负偏移, 在中奥陶世表现出相对幅度更大的波动。结合前人对全球碳酸盐岩晶格中硫酸盐硫同位素(δ³⁴S_CAS)和δ³⁴S_py数据的分析结果, 显示特马豆克期末期至弗洛期中期黄铁矿埋藏分数下降, 硫同位素分馏效应增大, 说明当时海水发生氧化, 对奥陶纪生物大辐射起到重要的促进作用。弗洛期晚期至达瑞威尔期, 不同地区δ³⁴S_CAS相继出现负偏移,δ³⁴S_py发生大幅振荡, 可能是由于海洋中硫酸根浓度较低以及硫化物再氧化所致。     

广泛应用的食品辐射保鲜技术

食品辐射保鲜贮藏,就是以高能射线与物质作用产生物理效应和生物效应的理论和技术为基础,使γ射线、X射线和电子射线对食品进行照射,从而达到杀虫、灭菌,提高食品卫生质量,保持或改善食品的营养品质和原有风味,延长食品保藏期和销售期的技术。一般采用放射性同位素钴~(60)或铯~(137)和多种型式的电子加速器作为辐射源,尤以钴~(60)和电子直线加速器应用最广。     

生物强化MBR系统处理溴氨酸启动期特性研究

采用鞘氨醇单胞菌强化膜生物反应器(MBR),对模拟溴氨酸废水进行处理.考查了生物强化MBR启动期溴氨酸的降解、污泥特性及细菌生理状态的变化,并用DNA指纹技术--核糖体基因间区序列分析(RISA)揭示MBR启动期污泥的菌群变化.结果显示,采用生物强化可以使MBR迅速启动并稳定运行.在启动期,污泥浓度下降,沉降性和絮凝性变好;脱氢酶活性下降并稳定在一个较低的水平上;胞外聚合物中蛋白和多糖含量略有上升;启动期末期膜出水溴氨酸脱色率可达90%以上,COD去除率可达60%以上.RISA指纹分析表明污泥系统多样性减少,形成了降解溴氨酸的功能群落.     

青海湖南岸天然草场牧草生产力和养分季节动态

研究天然草场牧草产量及养分的季节动态,选择青海湖南岸的高寒草甸作为研究对象,于2015年的返青期(5月)、盛草期(8月)、枯黄期(10月)和枯草期(1月)分别采集地上生物样品,对可食牧草的产量以及养分质量分数进行分析测定.结果显示,天然草场返青期总产草量(风干重)平均52.21 g/m~2,盛草期154.66 g/m~2,枯黄期92.90 g/m~2,枯草期25.83 g/m~2,可食牧草分别占66%、76%、83%、100%;返青期牧草中w(粗蛋白)最高,显著高于其他时期; w(粗灰分)、w(水不溶灰分)、w(酸不溶灰分)均从返青期到枯草期逐渐递增,且不同时期差异显著; w(水溶性灰分)从返青期到枯草期递减(2.42%～0.59%);盛草期和枯黄期w(粗脂肪)远高于其他时期(P0.05); w(中性洗涤纤维)、w(酸性洗涤纤维)和w(纤维素)随生育期延长逐渐增加.天然草场盛草期的营养输出高于其他时期,枯草期最低.研究区高寒草场可食牧草数量多,可食性好.枯草期与青草期相比,无论从量还是质上都处于一年中最低点.估算青海湖南岸高寒草甸适宜载畜量,即数量载畜量,为2.57羊单位/hm~2.     

表面材料性质对生物垢形成过程的影响

为找到表面材料性质与生物垢形成难易程度之间的关联因素，以设计出能控制生物垢形成速率的新表面材料，对水系统中荧光假单胞菌在17种表面材料上形成生物垢的动态过程进行了实验研究，获得了生物的生长曲线，并将生长曲线划分为诱导期和生物垢快速生长期。发现表面材料不同，形成生物垢的诱导期及生物垢量也不尽相同。还对9种表面材料的表面能和界面能进行了实验测定及相关计算。结果表明，只有固体材料与生物垢之间的固－固界面能与生物垢形成之间有明确的关系，而未发现材料的表面能和固体材料与液体水之间的固液界面能与生物垢形成的诱导期或生物垢量之间有任何明确的关系。     

广西来宾蓬莱滩剖面瓜德鲁普统—乐平统(G-L)界线生境型及其意义

对广西来宾地区蓬莱滩剖面瓜德鲁普统茅口组(P_2m)至乐平统合山组(P_3h)进行了详细的生境型分析,共识别出4个大类与5个亚类生境型,包含Ⅱ2型(潮间带与正常浪基面之间),Ⅲ_1型(上部浅海上部),Ⅲ_2型(上部浅海下部)、Ⅳ型(下部浅海)和Ⅴ型(半深海)。生境型总体上反映海平面变化的特点。从瓜德鲁普世末期到乐平世早期,海平面呈缓慢上升至缓慢下降再突然上升变化,表现为:瓜德鲁普世末期处于海退期,而乐平世早期则变为海侵阶段。海退阶段海平面的较低水平对应着该时期主要的生物灭绝,但生物灭绝的详细步调并未与海平面的下降一致,故认为瓜德鲁普世的大规模海退与生物灭绝事件有一定关系,但不是唯一的原因。大规模海退造成海洋生物生存压力增大,尤其是生活在浅海区域的生物,同时伴随的古海洋环境发生恶化,共同导致了大规模的生物灭绝事件。     

贵州省盘县地区羊圈——-楚皮凹剖面中三叠统关岭组上段牙形石生物地层

选择贵州省盘县地区新民乡羊圈村附近羊圈-楚皮凹剖面中三叠统关岭组上段至杨柳井组下部地层进行牙形石生物地层再研究, 补充描述牙形石Neogondolella constricta cornuta, Neogondolella constricta longa, Neogondolella constricta balkanica, Neogondolella alpina alpina, Neogondolella cf. Neogondolella acuta, Paragondolella excelsa和Paragondolella tornaesis等物种, 丰富了该段地层牙形石多样性组成, 并重新划分牙形石带, 进行区内和区外对比。结果表明: 1) 羊圈-楚皮凹剖面关岭组上段至杨柳井组下部可划分5个牙形石带, 自下而上为Nicoraella germanica带(未见底界)、Nicoraella kockeli带、Neogondolella bifurcata带、Neogondolella constricta带和Neogondolella constricta cornuta带(未见顶界); 2) 该段地层牙形石序列区内可与贵州省青岩剖面垄头组上部(台缘斜坡)、关刀(2)剖面关刀岩楔(盆地边缘相)同名化石带对比, 区外与西特提 斯生物区菊石binodosus带、trinodosus带、reitizi带内的牙形石面貌组成相似; 3) 进一步证明该段地层时代为中三叠世安尼期Pelsonian亚期至Illyrian亚期中晚期, 但未进入拉丁期。     

Adaptive radiation of multituberculate mammals before the extinction of dinosaurs

The Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction approximately 66 million years ago is conventionally thought to have been a turning point in mammalian evolution. Prior to that event and for the first two-thirds of their evolutionary history, mammals were mostly confined to roles as generalized, small-bodied, nocturnal insectivores, presumably under selection pressures from dinosaurs. Release from these pressures, by extinction of non-avian dinosaurs at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, triggered ecological diversification of mammals. Although recent individual fossil discoveries have shown that some mammalian lineages diversified ecologically during the Mesozoic era, comprehensive ecological analyses of mammalian groups crossing the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary are lacking. Such analyses are needed because diversification analyses of living taxa allow only indirect inferences of past ecosystems. Here we show that in arguably the most evolutionarily successful clade of Mesozoic mammals, the Multituberculata, an adaptive radiation began at least 20 million years before the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and continued across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Disparity in dental complexity, which relates to the range of diets, rose sharply in step with generic richness and disparity in body size. Moreover, maximum dental complexity and body size demonstrate an adaptive shift towards increased herbivory. This dietary expansion tracked the ecological rise of angiosperms and suggests that the resources that were available to multituberculates were relatively unaffected by the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction. Taken together, our results indicate that mammals were able to take advantage of new ecological opportunities in the Mesozoic and that at least some of these opportunities persisted through the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction. Similar broad-scale ecomorphological inventories of other radiations may help to constrain the possible causes of mass extinctions.     

Predators increase the risk of catastrophic extinction of prey populations.

There has been considerable research on both top-down effects and on disturbances in ecological communities; however, the interaction between the two, when the disturbance is catastrophic, has rarely been examined. Predators may increase the probability of prey extinction resulting from a catastrophic disturbance both by reducing prey population size and by changing ecological traits of prey individuals such as habitat characteristics in a way that increases the vulnerability of prey species to extinction. We show that a major hurricane in the Bahamas led to the extinction of lizard populations on most islands onto which a predator had been experimentally introduced, whereas no populations became extinct on control islands. Before the hurricane, the predator had reduced prey populations to about half of those on control islands. Two months after the hurricane, we found only recently hatched individuals--apparently lizards survived the inundating storm surge only as eggs. On predator-introduction islands, those hatchling populations were a smaller fraction of pre-hurricane populations than on control islands. Egg survival allowed rapid recovery of prey populations to pre-hurricane levels on all control islands but on only a third of predator-introduction islands--the other two-thirds lost their prey populations. Thus climatic disturbance compounded by predation brought prey populations to extinction.     

Determinants of extinction in the fossil record

The causes of mass extinctions and the nature of biological selectivity at extinction events are central questions in palaeobiology. It has long been recognized, however, that the amount of sedimentary rock available for sampling may bias perceptions of biodiversity and estimates of taxonomic rates of evolution. This problem has been particularly noted with respect to the principal mass extinctions. Here we use a new compilation of the amount of exposed marine sedimentary rock to predict how the observed fossil record of extinction would appear if the time series of true extinction rates were in fact smooth. Many features of the highly variable record of apparent extinction rates within marine animals can be predicted on the basis of temporal variation in the amount of exposed rock. Although this result is consistent with the possibility that a common geological cause determines both true extinction rates and the amount of exposed rock, it also supports the hypothesis that much of the observed short-term volatility in extinction rates is an artefact of variability in the stratigraphic record.     

大气颗粒物PM2.5的消光特性研究

基于Mie散射理论,对大气颗粒物PM2.5的消光特性进行了研究,建立了混合颗粒系统消光系数的理论及等效计算方法.计算表明,不像大颗粒,PM2.5单颗粒的消光效率因子强烈地依赖于折射率和粒径;多颗粒的消光系数随粒度增加而增大,在强吸收时,也随分布宽度增加而增大;其随波长的变化与折射率、分布有关,往往是非单调的,而对混合的颗粒系统,还与混合比有关.分析表明,我们提出的消光系数的理论及等效计算方法也为实际大气颗粒物的光学特性研究提供了一个新的研究手段.     

Calcimicrobialite after end-Permian mass extinction in South China and its palaeoenvironmental significance

Calcimicrobialites, which could be correlated to the layer 27 in Meishan section according to the Hindeodus parvus, occur abruptly on the end-Permian mass extinction boundary in South China. Microbialites mainly distribute on the top of reef facies or shallow carbonate platforms, thinning into deep facies. All the microbialites discovered are composed of micrite and coarse crystal digitate carbonate or patch carbonate. Microfossils usually dominate in the microbialites, and small gastropods, bivalves and ostracodes can also be found. This fossil assemblage represents a simple but particular remanent biota after the end-Permian mass extinction on the top of reefs or shallow carbonate platforms.Abrupt occurrence of microbialites above the mass extinction boundary is the ecological response to the end-Permian global event in reef or shallow carbonate facies. Many studies have been done on the Permian-Triassic boundary and event in deep water facies sections or middle to lower shelf facies sections. However, the calcimicrobialites in South China are mainly located above reef facies or shallow carbonate platform facies. It will surely be helpful for people to know more about the different responses in different depths of ancient marine environment during the transition between Permian and Triassic by the study of petrology,palaeontology and palaeoecology of the calcimicrobialites.     

Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?

Palaeontologists characterize mass extinctions as times when the Earth loses more than three-quarters of its species in a geologically short interval, as has happened only five times in the past 540?million years or so. Biologists now suggest that a sixth mass extinction may be under way, given the known species losses over the past few centuries and millennia. Here we review how differences between fossil and modern data and the addition of recently available palaeontological information influence our understanding of the current extinction crisis. Our results confirm that current extinction rates are higher than would be expected from the fossil record, highlighting the need for effective conservation measures.     

Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations

Species diversity can be lost through two different but potentially interacting extinction processes: demographic decline and speciation reversal through introgressive hybridization. To investigate the relative contribution of these processes, we analysed historical and contemporary data of replicate whitefish radiations from 17 pre-alpine European lakes and reconstructed changes in genetic species differentiation through time using historical samples. Here we provide evidence that species diversity evolved in response to ecological opportunity, and that eutrophication, by diminishing this opportunity, has driven extinctions through speciation reversal and demographic decline. Across the radiations, the magnitude of eutrophication explains the pattern of species loss and levels of genetic and functional distinctiveness among remaining species. We argue that extinction by speciation reversal may be more widespread than currently appreciated. Preventing such extinctions will require that conservation efforts not only target existing species but identify and protect the ecological and evolutionary processes that generate and maintain species.     

基于消光系数的机场PM2.5质量浓度神经网络预测模型

分析了气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子、风速和NO_2与消光系数和PM_(2.5)质量浓度之间的相关性及影响规律。提出了一种基于消光系数的机场PM_(2.5)质量浓度神经网络预测模型。首先,建立消光系数与PM_(2.5)质量浓度之间的定量关系,并分析相对湿度对其影响。然后,分析风速和NO_2对消光系数和PM_(2.5)质量浓度的影响。最后,将四项参数与PM_(2.5)质量浓度之间的复杂关系通过模糊神经网络进行学习和表达,实现PM_(2.5)质量浓度的预测。使用实测PM_(2.5)质量浓度数据对预测模型进行了对比验证。结果表明,该预测模型的预测精度较高,能较为客观的反映机场PM_(2.5)质量浓度的变化情况,这对研究颗粒物质量浓度对机场能见度的影响规律以及机场周边污染治理决策提供数据支持具有重要的意义。     

含氟聚合物在赤磷基抗红外发烟剂中的应用

在实验室条件下利用多波段红外辐射仪，测试了含四种不同聚合物的赤磷发烟剂燃烧产生的烟雾在远红外波段的透过率，并使用粉尘取样仪测试了烟雾的质量，计算出了各种烟雾质量消光系数．试验结果和计算表明：以含氟聚合物的赤磷发烟剂燃烧产生烟雾在远红外波段的质量消光系数最高，透过率最低，并分析了上述烟雾在远红外波段具有不同质量消光系数的原因．     

利用激光雷达和卫星遥感获得城市地面大气悬浮颗粒物浓度分布

使用香港元朗地区2008年MODIS卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品、激光雷达气溶胶消光系数垂直分布、地面相对湿度和地面气溶胶浓度观测资料等数据, 通过激光雷达数据建立地面消光系数和激光雷达AOD与气溶胶标高的关系, 利用这一关系和卫星AOD进行地面消光系数的反演估计, 并进行湿度订正; 通过建立地面气溶胶浓度和地面消光系数的关系, 进行卫星AOD产品和激光雷达气溶胶探测反演地面大气颗粒物质量浓度的研究及应用。结果表明, 卫星估计的地面消光系数与小时平均的颗粒物质量浓度观测值的相关系数为0.57~0.86 (PM2.5)和0.59~0.78 (PM10), 估计的质量浓度与小时平均的观测值对比的均方根偏差分别为11.64~25.34 g/m³ (PM2.5)和24.64~91.64 g/m³ (PM10), 表明可以通过卫星遥感进行大气悬浮颗粒物污染的监测应用。其中1 km分辨率的AOD产品, 因其更高的空间分辨率, 更适合反映具有复杂地形的城市地区大气悬浮颗粒物污染。