烟草加倍单倍体群体的构建及其在遗传育种中的应用

从花药培养、小孢子培养和子房培养几方面综述了构建烟草DH群体的基本途径及其在遗传育种中的应用和发展动态。     

Increment of antioxidase activity of transgenic tobacco with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaves of transgenic tobacco plants with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) gene was about 36% higher than that in the control plants (parent plants), activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (Cat) increased by about 62% and 88% respectively. Activities of ascorbate peroxidase (AsSPOD), dehydroascorbate redutase (DAsAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) in ascorbate-glutothion pathway located at chloroplasts increased by 67.7%, 47.9% and 38.8% respectively. These results indicated that the H₂O₂ produced by SOD catalyzing superoxide anion radicals (O^-₂) could be fully decomposed, and could not derive to form the strongest toxicant radicals ·OH. This is the first report to elucidate quantitatively that the activities of two kinds of antioxidative enzymes decomposed radicals and active oxygen were matched. Photoinhibition tolerant capacity of the transgenic tobacco plants was 35% higher than that in the parent plants. Increment of photoinhibition tolerant capacity in the transgenic tobacco plants might be due to increment of antioxidative enzymes activities, in turn being able to more effectively scavenge active oxygen and radicals, protect organization and function of chloroplasts. These results showed that the increment of antioxidative enzymes activities in the transgenic tobacco might be one of the reasons for the increment of resistance in the transgenic tobacco.     

葛花对酒后血中乙醇浓度和肝中乙醇脱氢酶活性的影响

为了探讨葛花对急性酒精中毒的防治作用,将雄性小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、葛花提取物组。给药30min后,模型组与葛花组灌酒0.10mL/10g^-1,在灌酒后0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3h分别摘眼球取血和取肝组织。采用生化酶法测定小鼠酒后不同时间内血中乙醇浓度和肝中乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）活性。结果显示,小鼠血中乙醇浓度在酒后0.5-2h达到高峰,与模型组相比,葛花提取物组0.5-3h内的血中乙醇浓度数值降低。葛花提取物组对小鼠酒后0.5-1h肝中ADH的影响较为明显,使其活性增加;酒后1.5-3h肝中ADH活性虽然也增强,但与模型组比较无显著差异。结果显示,葛花提取物可降低酒后血中乙醇浓度,增强肝中ADH活性,其机制可能是通过抑制消化道对乙醇的吸收,从而起到有效的降醇解酒作用。     

烟草DH群体的构建及其性状表现

应用秋水仙碱混合二甲基亚砜的方法，对烟草单倍体进行加倍，采用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体计数法筛选加倍单倍体，成功构建烟草DH系；并对分别来自两个杂交组合的40个DH系的主要农艺性状进行了考察。     

二甲基亚砜(DMSO)对烟草单倍体植株的染色体加倍效应

为提高烟草单倍体技术中的染色体加倍率，本文研究了运用二甲基亚砜(Dimethylsurferide,DMSO)混合秋水仙碱对烟草花培单倍体菌进行加倍的方法。结果表明．20g/L DMSO混合4g／L的秋水仙碱溶液对烟草花培单倍体苗的加倍率较单独使用秋水仙碱的加倍率提高2倍以上；运用该方法，作者在两年内成功构建烟草DH群体。     

不同烟草品种罹黑胫病后几种酶活性的变化

文章就黑胫病表现不同抗性的两烟草品种接种黑胫病菌后,对其叶片内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性进行了测定。结果表明,接种后抗病品种的PAL、PPO及POD活性水平皆明显高于对照,感病品种的PAL、PPO及POD活性水平也高于对照,但接种后抗病品种的PAL、PPO及POD活性水平前期增加速度明显高于感病品种。另外,接种后抗病品种和感病品种与各自对照相比皆未出现新的酶带,只是几个酶带的强弱发生了变化。     

Coat protein gene and 3′ non-coding region of tobacco mosaic virus and tomato mosaic virus are associated with viral pathogenesis in Nicotiana tabacum

The camellia isolate of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV-TL) can induce local necrotic lesions on the inoculated leaves in Nicotiana tabacum, whereas the broad bean isolate of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-B) produces the mosaic symptom on systemic leaves. To examine viral determinant for differential infection phenotype in N. tabacum, the coat protein gene and the 3′ non-coding region of TMV was replaced with that of ToMV, the chimeric virus induced similar local necrotic lesions to that induced by ToMV. The results indicate that the coat protein gene and the 3′ non-coding region of TMV and ToMV influence the virus-induced pathogenesis in N. tabacum.     

Isolation, characterization and functional analysis of a cdc48 homologue from tobacco BY-2 cells

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was used to identify genes from tobacco BY-2 cells that may play roles in cell cycle regulation. A cDNA encoding a protein homologous to the yeast CDC48 was isolated and the gene was designated as NtCDC48 . The cDNA contains an open reading frame coding for a predicted protein of 808 amino acids which comprises of two typical ATPase modules (aa 245-374 and aa 518-646) . Overexpression of NtCDC48 in tobacco BY-2 cells led to an increase in the mitotic index as well as to the formation of diffused mitotic spindles. NtCDC48-GFP fusion proteins are distributed ubiquitously through Gl to M phases, yet their subcellular localization varied regularly along with the cell cycle progression. These results indicate that NtCDC48 may play an important role in the regulation of cell cycle in BY-2 cells.     

Isolation, characterization and functional analysis of a cdc48 homologue from tobacco BY-2 cells

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was used to identify genes from tobacco BY-2 cells that may play roles in cell cycle regulation. A cDNA encoding a protein homologous to the yeast CDC48 was isolated and the gene was designated as NtCDC48. The cDNA contains an open reading frame coding for a predicted protein of 808 amino acids which comprises of two typical ATPase modules (aa 245?374 and aa 518?646). Overexpression of NtCDC48 in tobacco BY-2 cells led to an increase in the mitotic index as well as to the formation of diffused mitotic spindles. NtCDC48-GFP fusion proteins are distributed ubiquitously through G1 to M phases, yet their subcellular localization varied regularly along with the cell cycle progression. These results indicate that NtCDC48 may play an important role in the regulation of cell cycle in BY-2 cells.     

水解酪蛋白对烟草愈伤组织和悬浮培养细胞生长的促进作用

报道了水解酪蛋白对烟草愈伤组织和悬浮细胞生长的促进作用，并确定了水解酪蛋白的适宜用量。     

Involvement of NADPH oxidase NtrbohD in the rapid production of H2O2 induced by ABA in cultured tobacco cell line BY-2

The mechanisms for the production of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） induced by abscisic acid （ABA） were investigated in suspension culture cells of tobacco BY-2 cells. The results showed that the immediate generation of H2O2, which was mainly derived from super-oxide dismutase-catalyzed dismutation of superoxide radical, was significantly induced by ABA. Furthermore, treatment of the cultured tobacco cells with ABA resulted in a time-dependent quick increase in plasma membrane （PM） NADPH oxidase activity, which coin- cided on time and magnitude with the elevation in ABA-induced accumulation of H2O2. Moreover, these enhanced effects were pro- nouncedly inhibited by two NADPH oxidase inhibitors, diphenylene iodonium and imidazole, suggesting that PM NADPH oxidase is involved in the rapid accumulation of H2O2 in cultured tobacco cells. In addition, analysis of the expression level of NtrbohD, a PM NADPH oxidase gene in tobacco, by RT-PCR and protein gel blot revealed that the gene at both mRNA and protein levels was upregulated by ABA, indicating that NtrbohD participates in the ABA-stimulated rapid production of H2O2 in tobacco culture cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that ABA induces the rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase in sus-pension culture cells of tobacco, and that NADPH oxidase and H2O2 appear to be important components in ABA signal transduction pathway in plants.     

拟南芥逆境诱导型启动子rd29A的克隆及活性检测

以拟南芥基因组DNA为模板,通过特异PCR扩增,克隆逆境诱导表达启动子rd29A。序列分析表明,该启动子与NCBI上已报道rd29A的启动子有9964%的同源性,其序列含有干旱诱导表达元件DRE和ABA作用元件ABRE等顺式作用元件。用rd29A启动子替换pBI121载体上的35S启动子构建新的载体pBrd-GUS,并以农杆菌介导法将其转入烟草。转基因烟草的GUS组织化学染色及PCR分析结果表明,在低温、干旱及高盐等胁迫诱导下,rd29A启动子可增强GUS基因表达,因此,rd29A启动子可应用于植物抗逆基因工程研究。     

小麦果聚糖合成酶基因6-SFT克隆和功能验证

许多研究表明植物中果聚糖累积有助于提高植物耐逆境胁迫能力,但对小麦中果聚糖合成相关基因及其与抗逆性关系还缺乏研究。本研究拟从普通六倍体小麦中克隆出果聚糖合成酶基因6-SFT并进行生物学特性及功能研究,以期解析小麦通过累积果聚糖途径提高自身抗逆境胁迫能力的分子机理,为转6-SFT基因提高小麦抗逆境胁迫能力提供理论依据。利用touch-down PCR技术从小麦品种杨麦6（Triticum aestivum cv. Yangmai 6）基因组及cDNA中分离出编码6-SFT基因的全长序列,运用生物学信息技术对其编码蛋白的相关理化及生物学功能进行了预测,同时利用农杆菌介导法将所克隆的小麦6-SFT基因转入了烟草,对转基因烟草植株进行了抗旱、抗盐和抗低温鉴定。结果表明,小麦中6-SFT基因的gDNA和cDNA长度分别为3134bp和1851bp,序列结构分析表明该基因含有4个外显子、3个内含子,编码产物为约68kD的蛋白质,其等电点（pI）约为5.25,具有液泡定位信号;转小麦6-SFT基因烟草植株表现出较强的抗旱、抗盐和抗低温能力。本研究为利用基因工程技术改良小麦抗逆性提供重要理论依据。     

紫苏DNA导入对烟叶中芦丁含量的影响

 以药用植物紫苏为供体,普通烟草品种78-04为受体,研究了紫苏DNA导入对烟叶中芦丁含量的影响。采用无性嫁接与有性杂交相结合的方法,在适宜的授粉环境下将紫苏DNA导入普通烟草中;采用高效液相色谱法检测烟叶中芦丁的含量。结果显示,在低温（22～25℃）、高相对湿度（70 %～80 %）的环境下,该方法可以显著提高外源DNA导入烟草的成功率。烟叶中芦丁含量的检测表明,导入后代比受体普通烟草品种78-04提高了70.4 %,并且比我国主要产区槐米的芦丁含量高4～5倍。紫苏DNA导入普通烟草为大量提取芦丁提供了新的原料,也为开发利用药用植物基因资源探索出了一条新的途径。     

米根霉L-乳酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

文章以米根霉基因组DNA为模板,根据已公布的米根酶L-乳酸脱氢酶基因(ldnL)序列设计引物,PCR扩增得到含有ldnL的DNA片段;PCR产物T/A克隆后再双酶切,将ldnL片段连接到大肠杆菌表达载体pET17b,得到重组表达质粒pET17b-ldnL;pET17b-ldnL转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),摇瓶培养诱导表达后的菌体经SDS-PAGE电泳分析,结果表明克隆的ldnL基因在大肠杆菌中实现表达。     

用基因枪法转bar基因以培育抗除草剂的直播稻

用基因枪法将 p CB1 质粒 (含 bar基因和 cecropin B基因 )导入到三种有应用前景的直播稻品种中 ,受体材料为来源于水稻未成熟胚的胚性愈伤组织和来源于成熟胚的悬浮细胞系 .当代转化植株显示出很强的对除草剂 Basta的抗性 ,Southern-blot分析显示 :两个外源基因共整合到转化植株基因组中 ;子一代植株中仍含有外源基因 ;来源于同一块愈伤组织的转化植株的整合模式可能是相似的 ,也可能完全不同 .     

过量表达脯氨酸的转基因烟草细胞对毒性重金属的抗性增强

脯氨酸(Proline)在植物对环境胁迫的耐受性中发挥了非常重要的作用。本文中,我们将来自飞蛾豆(V igna acon itifolia L.)的△1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(△1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase,P5CS)基因转化烟草(N icotiana tabacum cv SR I.),经PCR扩增及Southern杂交分析证实飞蛾豆p5 cs基因已整合到烟草细胞基因组中,并在转基因烟草中得以表达。与野生型细胞相比,转基因烟草细胞中脯氨酸含量提高了80%;在毒性重金属镉(Cd,浓度50-100μM)的胁迫下,转基因细胞的生长速度更快,与镉结合的能力也提高近4倍。还原型/氧化型GSH之比和丙二醛水平分析表明,转基因细胞脯氨酸的增加与GSH的氧化还原状态和丙二醛水平是有关的。     

乌蕨挥发油成分分析及其抗菌活性

 对植物乌蕨(Stenoloma chusanum(L)Ching)中的挥发油成分进行定性和定量分析并开展其抗菌试验.采用水蒸汽蒸馏提取挥发油成分,用气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用仪进行成分分析;采用纸片法扩散法开展其抑菌试验.从乌蕨挥发油中分析出36种成分,鉴定了其中的24种,其主要成分是芳樟醇(24.76%),松油醇(7.24%)和香叶醇(6.06%).抗菌活性研究显示,乌蕨挥发油对枯草芽孢杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌有明显的抑制作用,对铜绿假单胞菌大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和藤黄微球菌抑制活性很低或没有活性.乌蕨挥发油成分检出率为72.0%,其中主要成分为单萜类化合物;挥发油具有一定的抗菌活性.