笼养家鸽行为的PAE编码系统研究

动物行为的PAE编码系统是把动物的行为分解为姿势(postures,P)、动作(acts,A)及其所发生的环境(environments,E),是目前较完善的动物行为编码系统之一.为构建笼养家鸽(Columba livia)的PAE行为谱,以本地健康、成年家鸽(n=16)为研究对象,采用目标动物采样法和全事件记录法,观察并记录家鸽的行为,编制了基于PAE编码系统的家鸽行为谱.共记录到笼养家鸽的43种行为,以及8种姿势、35种动作和6种环境.根据行为的生物学功能,上述43种行为可划分为10大类,即摄食、排遗、运动、休息、体温调节、通讯、繁殖、攻击、自我清洁和杂类行为.初步构建了基于PAE编码系统的笼养家鸽行为谱,家鸽行为的时间属性可描述为瞬时性行为、延续性行为和弹性行为3个时间属性类别.     

笼养黑鹳求偶行为谱及其PAE编码

2015年1-4月,为获得黑鹳(Ciconia nigra)求偶行为谱,对河北保定动物园内的5对黑鹳进行了行为学研究.采用全事件记录法获取每对黑鹳的行为视频资料,通过逐秒分析的方法筛选出求偶行为并编订PAE求偶行为谱.结果发现:雄鹳求偶行为包含10种姿势、42种动作、11种行为,并获得了包含这些行为的PAE行为谱.依据求偶行为发生的方式将求偶行为划分为鸣声求偶行为、动作求偶行为.鸣声求偶行为包含扬喙鸣叫、面面对鸣.动作求偶行为包含啄草理巢、衔草入巢、啄草出巢、俯身卧巢、对立转圈、理配偶羽、追逐、交颈、俯身近喙;其中,面面对鸣、啄草理巢、衔草入巢、啄草出巢、俯身卧巢、对立转圈、追逐、俯身近喙8种行为为新纪录求偶行为.     

X射线衍射对3种雉类卵壳晶粒度的研究

采用多晶X射线衍射仪(XRD)测定了我国特产3种珍稀雉类的卵壳，即野生和笼养褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchurium)、哈曼马鸡(C.harmani)和白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)所产的卵壳．首次报道了褐马鸡、哈曼马鸡和白冠长尾雉卵壳晶粒的大小．野生环境下褐马鸡，哈曼马鸡和白冠长尾雉卵壳晶粒大小分别为104.5，211．8和145．3nm，差异较大；笼养环境下褐马鸡、哈曼马鸡和白冠长尾雉卵壳晶粒大小分别为224．0，308.7和162．5nm，差异较大．同一种类不同环境，其卵壳晶粒大小差别明显，3种野生卵壳均比其笼养卵壳晶粒度小，差别最大的是褐马鸡，其笼养环境卵壳晶粒与野生环境卵壳晶粒大小之比为2．144；差别最小的是白冠长尾雉，其比值为1．118；哈曼马鸡的比值居中为1．458．野生雉类卵壳的晶粒较小，因此其硬度将明显高于笼养卵壳，由此可推测出野生雉类所产卵的结构更为致密和坚实，因而对自然环境的适应能力更强．     

高山草地放养牧鸡行为特性

2011年6-9月对青脚麻放养牧鸡在晴天、阴天和雨天的取食、游走、静息、啄羽、土浴、攻击、求偶等行为进行连续观察.结果表明:牧鸡日行为存在一定的差异,其中日出前后和傍晚牧鸡主要行为选择漫步行走,而中午时段表现土浴和求偶的牧鸡占比较大.在高山草地有47%~86%的牧鸡选择捕食和行走为主要行为.不同气候条件和季节下牧鸡行为表达有明显不同.晴天牧鸡行为中捕食、行走、静息、土浴、攻击和啄羽均有表达,雨天牧鸡主要选择行走、静息、啄羽和捕食.牧鸡行为表达方式随自身成长和季节变化也有很大差异,牧鸡行走行为表现为6月最多,9月最小,啄羽行为也观察到类似的表达趋势。攻击和求偶行为的牧鸡比例表现为6-9月持续增加的趋势.在8、9月,牧鸡发育成熟后观测到表达求偶和攻击行为.高山草地牧鸡行为表达是牧鸡对其自身生长发育阶段,大气温、湿度以及草地蝗虫数量和活动性等因子能动性适应的反映.     

社区老年人空间行为轨迹异常分析方法

为分析社区中老年人空间行为轨迹的规律并识别其异常空间行为轨迹,建立了基于动态时间规整(dynamic time war-ping,DTW)算法和基于密度的空间聚类算法(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise,ST-DBSCAN)的社区老年人异常空间行为轨迹分析模型.首先,利用社区内老年人空间轨迹定位数据,采用ST-DBSCAN聚类算法对连续空间轨迹进行聚类分析,提取老年人的动态行为链.其次,针对两种常见的异常轨迹模式(出行轨迹偏离日常轨迹和停留时间过长),利用DTW算法对老年人的动态轨迹进行异常模式识别.最后,结合异常轨迹模式、老年人背景信息、气象信息,建立社区老年人异常行为风险分析模型,分析老年人在出现轨迹异常情况下的安全风险,并基于微软亚洲研究院的开源轨迹数据集GeoLife对建立的模型进行了验证.研究结果表明,模型可以识别老年人出行时的异常空间轨迹,分析其安全风险.研究成果可以为居委会、社区物业、养老机构等部门的老年人安全管理工作提供方法支持.     

笼养黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)食物量的研究

2002年1～12月在南宁动物园灵长类繁殖中心研究笼养状态下黑叶猴的觅食行为序、雌雄个体对食物的选择和一年四季的日食量.笼养黑叶猴对可采食的植物种类仍存在选择性;觅食行为序由探究行为、抢食行为、爬墙行为和进食行为等4步组成.平均每只黑叶猴个体的日进食量为(1 114.96±55.75)g,折合干物质(249.50±16.78)g,具有明显的季节性变化规律,表现出冬季觅食量最多,夏季最少,春季比秋季少的现象.     

山西五鹿山地区褐马鸡集群行为研究

1997和 1998年冬季对山西南部五鹿山地区褐马鸡的集群行为进行了调查 .结果表明 ,在不同的生境类型中 ,褐马鸡集群倾向略有不同 .群体大小在不同的生境中没有显著差异(Kruskal Wallis检验 ,χ2 =2 .2 7,p =0 .32 0 9,n =2 8) .褐马鸡的集群大小存在着月份间的差异 .对集群大小与月温度的相关分析表明 ,两者之间存在着显著的负相关关系 (r =- 0 .8399,p <0 0 5) .通过对五鹿山地区和芦芽山自然保护区褐马鸡的群体大小的比较 ,发现存在显著差异(Mann WhitneyU检验 ,Z =- 3 3959,p =0 0 0 7,n =4 1) ,可能与这 2个地区捕食压力和食物特征不同有关     

达乌尔鼠兔和高原鼠兔行为特征的比较分析

对同域重叠分布的达乌尔鼠兔(Ochotona daurica) 和高原鼠兔(O.curzoniae)的行为活动,尤其是社会行为作了比较研究.描述行为23 种.达乌尔鼠 兔非社会行为占所有行为的96%,高原鼠兔占87%;达乌尔鼠兔的社会行为仅占所有行为活动的 4%,高原鼠兔占13%.高原鼠兔个体间的亲昵和戏耍行为明显多于达乌尔鼠兔,达乌尔鼠兔种 群内排它性行为明显多于高原鼠兔.     

灵空山褐马鸡种群遗传多样性研究

山西灵空山国家级自然保护区位于太岳山脉中段,近二百年来没有褐马鸡分布的记载和报道,2005年首次发现褐马鸡在此栖息。灵空山褐马鸡地理种群的来源和遗传背景的研究尚属空白。文章采用线粒体DNA分子标记技术,对灵空山褐马鸡种群的遗传多样性、遗传结构、系统发育进行了分析。结果显示:4只个体均获得长度为1 238 bp的mtDNA D-loop全序列以及1 458 bp Cyt b的全序列,分别定义了3个和2个单倍型。两条序列D-loop和Cyt b单倍型多样性(h)平均值分别为0. 833和0.5,核苷酸多样性平均值(π)分别为0.002 83和0.002 06,平均遗传距离分别为0.003和0.002。反映了灵空山自然保护区褐马鸡种群具有较高的单倍型多样性和较低的核苷酸多样性,种群遗传多样性较低。这与该地区褐马鸡的资源现状、分布范围相适应。     

褐家鼠的声行为研究

研究鼠类声行为,对探索鼠害控制的新方法有重要意义。在实验室条件下通过对11只褐家鼠(Rattus nor-vegicus)行为的观察和对860个叫声的分析,初步得知褐家鼠4种明显不同的声行为。单个体见到人时的惊恐叫声呈多谐变频的声谱结构,叫声的持续时间较长,平均在(473±271)ms,通常有3个主要的谐音,MPF为(2 820±258)Hz。当两个体一起发生追打时,势弱个体表现出与其行为相应的3种明显不同的叫声:打斗时的惊叫声频率最高,MPF为(5 091±1 365)Hz,频率范围宽达(9 225±3 292)Hz,大多是多谐结构;面对势强个体的叫声的振幅低,为(0.44±0.25)V,几呈多谐恒频结构,MPF和频宽分别为(2 917±1 463)Hz和(4 360±3 421)Hz;堵挡在通道口的叫声的持续时间长,叫声的频率最低,MPF为(1 384±878)Hz。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that