“惰性电子对效应”及其在无机化学中的应用

在现行的各种国内外“无机化学”教材中,对周期系P区各主族元素由上而下产生“惰性电子对效应”的原因以及它在“无机化学”中的应用未作仔细阐述,本文提出个人的见解作了进一步的讨论。可供无机化学教学参考。     

食饵具有存放周期性制约的捕食者-食饵系统模型及其动态行为的数值模拟研究

基于对自然界捕食系统实际情况的分析出发。对模型进行了扩展，并建立了受时变环境周期激励、食饵具有常数存放率以及食饵具有周期存放等情况下的捕食者--食饵系统的新模型，通过模拟计算相平面轨线(迹)、时程图、极限集状态、截面、功率谱等若干系统指标，分析研究了几个新捕食模型随参数变化时表现出的动态行为以及行为所发生的质的变化．结果表明周期激励强度、食饵常数存放率的大小、食饵周期存放以及周期存放的频度对系统行为都有很大的影响，当食饵存放率为零时，系统随周期激励强度的增大经历了稳定、周期波动、准周期波动和灭绝四种状态；当周期激励强度和频度恒定时，系统随食饵常数存放率的增大经历了周期(准周期)波动、分岔后的周期(准周期)波动和灭绝等状态；而在周期激励强度和频度恒定时，食饵周期存放可能引起系统出现混沌行为；当周期存放的强度较大时，食饵存放频度的变小不利于系统的稳定．     

以乙醇胺和丙酮作底物的化学振荡反应的研究

对以乙醇胺和丙酮为混合底物、硫酸锰为催化剂、溴酸钾作氧化剂、硫酸为介质的化学振荡反应新体系进行了研究,描述了该体系的振荡特性,研究了各物质初始浓度、反应温度、催化剂等对振荡行为的影响．该振荡反应诱导期、周期与反应温度间的关系符合Arrhenius方程,并测得反应诱导期活化能Ein=51．64kJ／mol。周期活化能Ep=103．23kJ／mol．     

十三员四氮杂大环镍（Ⅱ）配合物参与的新型振荡化学反应

本文报道了［ＮｉＨＡＴ］２＋配合物催化ＮａＢｒＯ３氧化芳香有机底物没食子酸而产生的新型振荡化学反应。描述了该体系的振荡特性。研究了各物种初始浓度以及自由基抑制剂等对振荡的影响。     

An autoregulatory circuit for long-range self-organization in Dictyostelium cell populations

Nutrient-deprived Dictyostelium amoebae aggregate to form a multicellular structure by chemotaxis, moving towards propagating waves of cyclic AMP that are relayed from cell to cell. Organizing centres are not formed by founder cells, but are dynamic entities consisting of cores of outwardly rotating spiral waves that self-organize in a homogeneous cell population. Spiral waves are ubiquitously observed in chemical reactions as well as in biological systems. Although feedback control of spiral waves in spatially extended chemical reactions has been demonstrated in recent years, the mechanism by which control is achieved in living systems is unknown. Here we show that mutants of the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway show periodic signalling, but fail to organize coherent long-range wave territories, owing to the appearance of numerous spiral cores. A theoretical model suggests that autoregulation of cell excitability mediated by protein kinase A acts to optimize the number of signalling centres.     

催化反应精馏研究中的若干问题——(I)过程的主要影响因素和操作工艺

主要阐述并讨论了催化反应精馏（ 又称反应或催化精馏） 过程涉及的若干问题．如：化学平衡对相平衡的影响，化学平衡和相平衡的交互作用及进料对操作工艺的影响，塔内催化剂装填方式对过程的影响等     

论生物体内的生物元素图谱

给出了生物元素的定义,讨论了人体内存在的生物元素的由来及功能;系统地总结了 s区和p区主族元素、d区过渡元素和f区稀土元素对四膜虫真核细胞生长分裂的促进或营养作用及毒性抑制的影响,得到一定的规律性。提出生物体内存在着“生物元素平衡图谱”,它于三维元素周期表空间内展现出来,是反映生物与地球表面环境之间物质交换、能量交换达到动态平衡的标志。这样,三维元素周期表不仅揭示各元素及化合物的物理 、化学性质,看来也能在一定程度上预示它们的生物学性质。     

Chemical pattern recognition applied to materials optimal design and industry optimization

The multi-dimensional spaces, spanned by the dimensionless numbers describing the equilibrium states or the macroscopic chemical kinetics of complicated chemical reaction systems, have been used for the data processing of the processes in materials preparation or industrial production. It has been found that there are four common topological types of the relations between the optimization zone and the operation zone in the multi-dimensional spaces. Various computation methods using pattern recognition, artificial neural network and genetic algorithm are used for model-building and optimization strategy searching. An integrated system named KDPAG has been built for materials optimal design or industrial optimization. Application to chemical, petrochemical and metallurgical industries and materials optimal design gives good results.     

一种外加耦合控制器控制混沌的方法

提出了一种外加低维的线性控制器耦合于原系统控制混沌的方法．改变耦合控制器的特性系数,可以把混沌系统控制到不同的周期轨道或平衡点．对Duffing方程和Chua电路进行计算机模拟的仿真结果证实了这种方法的有效性。     

Quantum gates and memory using microwave-dressed states

Trapped atomic ions have been used successfully to demonstrate basic elements of universal quantum information processing. Nevertheless, scaling up such methods to achieve large-scale, universal quantum information processing (or more specialized quantum simulations) remains challenging. The use of easily controllable and stable microwave sources, rather than complex laser systems, could remove obstacles to scalability. However, the microwave approach has drawbacks: it involves the use of magnetic-field-sensitive states, which shorten coherence times considerably, and requires large, stable magnetic field gradients. Here we show how to overcome both problems by using stationary atomic quantum states as qubits that are induced by microwave fields (that is, by dressing magnetic-field-sensitive states with microwave fields). This permits fast quantum logic, even in the presence of a small (effective) Lamb-Dicke parameter (and, therefore, moderate magnetic field gradients). We experimentally demonstrate the basic building blocks of this scheme, showing that the dressed states are long lived and that coherence times are increased by more than two orders of magnitude relative to those of bare magnetic-field-sensitive states. This improves the prospects of microwave-driven ion trap quantum information processing, and offers a route to extending coherence times in all systems that suffer from magnetic noise, such as neutral atoms, nitrogen-vacancy centres, quantum dots or circuit quantum electrodynamic systems.     

组成人体的化学元素与元素周期律

本文从组成人体的主要元素在周期表中的位置说明它们与周期律密切相关,并归纳出人体在自然界选择元素的一般规律。然后,从这些元素在人生存的地球环境中的分布和它们的化学性质这两个方面,分析、论述了呈现这种规律的原因。     

Comment on “Low-frequency sea level variation and its correlation with climate events in the Pacific”

The tide gauge results exhibit strong multi-decadal oscillations with detected periodicities up to a quasi-60 years. This translates in the requirement of at least 60-70 years of continuously recorded data without any quality issue and the use of a procedure appropriate for time series with periodic components to infer the acceleration trend. This is not what is done in many recent papers where the oscillating behaviour is neglected and short or incomplete records arbitrarily extended or reconstructed are used to infer wrong accelerating trends. All the tide gauges of enough length and quality show the sea levels are oscillating with important multi-decadal periodicities but absolutely not positively accelerating. The satellite radar altimeter reconstruction of the global mean sea level only available since 1993 shows despite the many uncertainties of a still imperfect procedure a not positively accelerating behaviour. The presence of acceleration in the reconstructed or extended data sets and the lack of acceleration in all the individual tide gauge measurements of enough quality and length certainly deserve further discussion. This is a comment to a previously published original paper made on the basis of other previously published results and not a new original paper.     

BL Lac天体OJ 287射电流量的交叉小波分析

将BL Lac天体OJ 287射电4.8,8.0和14.5 GHz波段从1978–2010年的有效观测数据进行整理,获得了其长期光变曲线,用小波功率谱和交叉小波方法分别分析了其主要振荡周期和彼此之间的相关性及其时延.小波功率谱分析结果表明,OJ 287射电4.8,8.0和14.5 GHz流量存在准6个月、8–16个月和16–32个月的主振荡周期,光变周期为0.54?0.04,1.12?0.07,2.49?0.08年,主振荡周期主要出现在1980–1994年和2000–2007年时间段.交叉小波分析发现OJ 287射电波段之间正相关振荡的凝聚性很强,具有强的关联性,在8–16和16–32个月共振周期尺度上的相关性高.射电波段的爆发在16–32个月的振荡周期尺度上几乎是同时性的,在8–16个月的振荡周期尺度上存在20±6天的时间延迟,高频波段领先低频波段.     

超声波驱动下微管内两气泡间的相互作用

本文发展了气泡和管径可相比拟时管内两气泡间相互作用的理论模型.当管长度一定时,两气泡在管内的声响应取决于两气泡-液柱耦合振动系统的声响应.气泡初始状态、管尺寸以及气泡在管内的位置等都会影响耦合振动气泡的线性共振频率和幅值.采用逐级近似法分析了两个耦合振动气泡（bv=0）和对称状态下单气泡的非线性声响应特性,得到了3倍频和1/3分频振动幅度-频率响应关系.结果表明：系统非线性效应促进基频振动能量向倍频和分频振动传递,气泡间的相互作用和介质黏性对此能量传递过程也有促进作用.     

均相单一化学反应的不可逆过程热力学

根据质量守恒方程,基于不可逆过程热力学中通量和力之间的关系,将不可逆过程热力学线性理论推广应用于既远离平衡又没有产生耗散结构的均相存在单一化学反应的体系,建立了远离平衡的化学反应动力学方程及其对于理想气体体系的表达式,沟通了热力学和动力学之间的联系·将动力学方程应用于水煤气反应,得到了和实测数据吻合的五次关系式·结果说明考虑了高次项后,可将不可逆过程热力学应用于远离平衡体系,并为化学动力学的研究提供了一种新的手段·     

一类两自由度非线性振动系统的概周期解

运用Leray-Schauder不动点定理和Liapunov函数方法,研究了一类两自由度非线性振动系统的概周期解,得到了该振动系统概周期解存在的充分条件.     

大自然运行法则:最大流原理研究进展

最大流原理是贯通机械保守系统、平衡或近平衡耗散系统、远离平衡复杂开放系统等用来描述大自然运行的基本法则,它揭示了有序结构(即耗散结构)形成的动力学起源和基本原理。本文概述了最大流原理的基本原理,阐明了其在物理、化学、生物、生态、工程和社会等领域中的应用。     

氯离子诱导的镍在硝酸溶液中的电流振荡

报道了氯了子诱导的镍在0．5mol.dm^-2硝酸溶液中活化－钝化过渡区电流振荡，在恒电位条件下，随着氯离子浓度的升高或者电极电位的降低，电流振荡由周期性振荡逐渐向非周期性振荡转变，根据实验结果，对该体系的电流振荡机理进行了讨论。     

三元复合驱化学反应平衡模型及其应用

针对三元复合驱过程中化学反应的特点及我国油田地层的实际情况 ,通过合理简化 ,在分清主要反应和次要反应的基础上 ,提出了新的化学反应平衡物理模型和数学模型 ,并运用新模型进行了实验室岩心驱替的数值模拟。与国外化学驱软件UTCHEM的计算结果对比 ,该模型的计算速度及稳定性有所提高 ,并有一致或相似的规律。针对我国油田地层水中镁离子含量少的特点 ,利用新模型讨论了地层水中镁离子对化学反应平衡及驱油效果的影响 ,分析了碱耗的原因 ,提出在实际油田数值模拟过程中 ,当镁离子浓度比钙离子浓度低一个或一个以上数量级时 ,可以不考虑镁离子的相关反应 ,这样既能提高运算速度又能保证计算精度。