Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

Recently, substantial advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been made owing to three related lines of investigation. First, IBD has been found to be the most tractable of complex disorders for discovering susceptibility genes, and these have shown the importance of epithelial barrier function, and innate and adaptive immunity in disease pathogenesis. Second, efforts directed towards the identification of environmental factors implicate commensal bacteria (or their products), rather than conventional pathogens, as drivers of dysregulated immunity and IBD. Third, murine models, which exhibit many of the features of ulcerative colitis and seem to be bacteria-driven, have helped unravel the pathogenesis/mucosal immunopathology of IBD.     

Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease

Intestinal homeostasis depends on complex interactions between the microbiota, the intestinal epithelium and the host immune system. Diverse regulatory mechanisms cooperate to maintain intestinal homeostasis, and a breakdown in these pathways may precipitate the chronic inflammatory pathology found in inflammatory bowel disease. It is now evident that immune effector modules that drive intestinal inflammation are conserved across innate and adaptive leukocytes and can be controlled by host regulatory cells. Recent evidence suggests that several factors may tip the balance between homeostasis and intestinal inflammation, presenting future challenges for the development of new therapies for inflammatory bowel disease.     

阿尔茨海默症发病机制及治疗方法研究进展

 阿尔茨海默症（Alzheimer's disease,AD）是以β淀粉样蛋白斑块及神经元纤维缠结为主要病理特征的神经退行性疾病,是痴呆中最常见的一种,也是一种常见的老年人疾病。AD的发病机制可能由多种发病因素、多种通路和分子机制的相互参与引起。由于AD的发病主要同老年人有关,故研究治疗AD的方法对于提高人类健康和生活水平至关重要。虽然目前并没有一种治疗方法可以完全治愈AD,但有多种治疗策略。本文对AD的发病机制及治疗方法的研究进展进行简要综述。     

OMOM capsule endoscopy in diagnosis of small bowel disease

Objective： To assess the diagnostic efficiency of OMOM capsule endoscopy （CE） in a group of patients with different indications. Methods： Data from 89 consecutive patients （49 males, 40 females） with suspected small bowel disease who underwent OMOM CE （Jinshan Science and Technology Company, review. The patients＇ indications of the disease consisted of the Chongqing, China） examination were obtained by retrospective following： obscure gastrointestinal bleeding （OGIB）, abdominal pain or diarrhea, partial intestinal obstruction, suspected inflammatory bowel disease, tumor of unknown origin, hypoproteinemia, constipation, weight loss, and elevated tumor markers. Results： CE failed in one patient. Visualization of the entire small bowel was achieved in 75.0%. Capsules were naturally excreted by all patients. The detection rate of abnormalities was 70.5% for patients with suspected small bowel disease, and the diagnostic yield for patients with OGIB was higher than that for patients with abdominal pain or diarrhea （85.7% vs 53.3%, P〈0.005）. Angiodysplasia was the most common small bowel finding. Active bleeding sites were noted in the small intestine in 11 cases. Conclusion： OMOM CE is a useful diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of variably suspected small bowel disease, whose diagnostic efficiency is similar to that of the Pillcam SB （small bowel） CE （Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel）.     

赭石薤白降气汤治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻临床观察

目的观察赭石薤白降气汤治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻的疗效。方法将50例患者随机分为两组。治疗组给予赭石薤白降气汤。对照组给予加味大承气汤。结果治疗组平均治愈天数为5d,对照组平均治愈天数为8d,两组比较有显著性差异。结论赭石薤白降气汤治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻有显著的治疗效果。     

赭石薤白降气汤治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻临床观察

目的：观察赭石薤白降气汤治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻的疗效。方法：将50例患者随机分为两组。治疗组给予赭石薤白降气汤。对照组给予加味大承气汤。结果：治疗组平均治愈天数为5d，对照组平均治愈天数为8d，两组比较有显著性差异。结论：赭石薤白降气汤治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻有显著的治疗效果。     

赭石薤白降气汤治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻临床观察

目的 观察赭石薤白降气汤治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻的疗效.方法 将50例患者随机分为两组.治疗组给予赭石薤白降气汤.对照组给予加味大承气汤.结果 治疗组平均治愈天数为5 d,对照组平均治愈天数为8 d,两组比较有显著性差异.结论 赭石薤白降气汤治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻有显著的治疗效果.     

粪便钙卫蛋白与炎症性肠病活动性关系的探讨

探讨研究粪便钙卫蛋白与炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowl disease,IBD)活动性的关系。收集52例北京军区总医院消化内镜中心接受肠镜检查患者的新鲜粪便标本提取钙卫蛋白,其中炎症性肠病患者32例、溃疡性结肠炎24例、克罗恩病8例、正常对照者20例。采用ELISA法定量检测粪便中钙卫蛋白浓度。采用Mayo评分系统判断IBD有否活动,积分≥3为有活动性。结果20例健康者粪便钙卫蛋白浓度为(77.15±160.9)μg/g,32例IBD患者为(646.58±439.44)μg/g。IBD患者与健康者粪便钙卫蛋白浓度比较有显著差别(P<0·001)。以450·3μg/g为临界值时,粪便钙卫蛋白判断IBD是否活动的灵敏度和特异度分别为75%和90%,活动期IBD患者与静止期IBD患者和健康者粪便钙卫蛋白浓度比较均有显著差别(P<0.05)。说明粪便钙卫蛋白检测是一种非侵入性观察指标,为判断IBD活动性具有一定的临床意义。     

A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease

Humans are colonized by multitudes of commensal organisms representing members of five of the six kingdoms of life; however, our gastrointestinal tract provides residence to both beneficial and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalances in the composition of the bacterial microbiota, known as dysbiosis, are postulated to be a major factor in human disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. We report here that the prominent human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis protects animals from experimental colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus, a commensal bacterium with pathogenic potential. This beneficial activity requires a single microbial molecule (polysaccharide A, PSA). In animals harbouring B. fragilis not expressing PSA, H. hepaticus colonization leads to disease and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in colonic tissues. Purified PSA administered to animals is required to suppress pro-inflammatory interleukin-17 production by intestinal immune cells and also inhibits in vitro reactions in cell cultures. Furthermore, PSA protects from inflammatory disease through a functional requirement for interleukin-10-producing CD4+ T cells. These results show that molecules of the bacterial microbiota can mediate the critical balance between health and disease. Harnessing the immunomodulatory capacity of symbiosis factors such as PSA might potentially provide therapeutics for human inflammatory disorders on the basis of entirely novel biological principles.     

16例腹部闭合性损伤术后早期炎性肠梗阻的诊治

目的:对腹部闭合性损伤术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床特点、诊断和治疗进行总结。方法:回顾分析16例腹部闭合性损伤术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床资料,总结其临床特点和诊治体会。结果:腹部闭合性损伤术后早期炎性肠梗阻多发生在术后12 d左右(6~30 d)。均行非手术治疗,从梗阻症状发作到肠功能恢复的平均时间为18 d(14~39 d),平均住院时间为19 d(16~43 d)。结论:腹部闭合性损伤术后早期炎性肠梗阻可表现为典型的肠梗阻症状、体征,保守治疗是主要的措施,应尽量避免手术治疗而导致的更为严重的并发症。     

Genetics and speciation.

Called the "mystery of mysteries" by Darwin, speciation is still a little-understood area of evolution. Genetic analysis, however, has yielded new generalizations about speciation and suggests promising avenues of research.     

The role of iron homeostasis in remodeling immune function and regulating inflammatory disease

The essential trace element iron regulates a wide range of biological processes in virtually all living organisms.Because both iron deficiency and iron overload...     

Genetics of body-weight regulation

The role of genetics in obesity is twofold. Studying rare mutations in humans and model organisms provides fundamental insight into a complex physiological process, and complements population-based studies that seek to reveal primary causes. Remarkable progress has been made on both fronts, and the pace of advance is likely to accelerate as functional genomics and the human genome project expand and mature. Approaches based on mendelian and quantitative genetics may well converge, and lead ultimately to more rational and selective therapies.