基于奖惩函数的非对称信息委托代理博弈分析

委托代理本身存在诸多信息不对称、不确定的因素和风险,委托代理双方必须考虑风险的控制和利益的平衡.基于委托人拟支付代理人的工资总额按代理人的名义产出确定,引进奖惩机制遏制代理人的败德行为,运用博弈论中委托代理理论建立了非对称信息下委托-代理模型.并得出给定条件下的最优合同.     

现代企业经营者寻租行为的博弈分析

委托－代理关系一直是契约经济学研究的重点，莫里斯、霍姆斯特等人已经建立了委托－代理理论的正式模型来分析这种关系，以此理论为基础，结合寻租理论，从博弈论的角度分析在企业的委托－代理关系中，代理人（经营者）寻租行为的动因及其它，结论是①在完全信息的条件征，代理人寻租的最优选择取决于委托人监督的概率；②在不完全信息的条件下，代理人寻租是对委托人采取策略的最佳反应，认为完善企业内部和外部的治理结构、建立事前监督和事后处罚机制、通过制定各种代理人的薪酬计划及激励制度等来治理代理人的寻租行为。     

共同代理理论与第三方物流

针对第三方物流存在的委托代理问题,传统的双边委托代理模型值得借鉴.然而,传统的双边委托代理模型中的单一委托人和单一代理人的委托代理关系过于简化,对现实的解释力不强.实际上,第三方物流中委托代理关系在很多情况下是多个委托人和单个代理人的问题,运用共同代理理论将对解释和解决第三方物流中的委托代理问题提供有益的思路.     

委托代理中的目标激励

通过建立模型分析目标激励在委托代理中的作用,可以发现:在没有风险时,物质激励与目标激励效果相同.在存在风险的情况下,目标激励比纯粹物质激励更有效率,带来更多的总剩余,并且,即使在风险较高的情况下,也能保证委托代理关系的存在;当目标激励变为奉献激励时,会导致代理人不作为行为.因此,在无风险的情况下,对代理人应采用物质激励,在有风险的情况下,应对代理人采用目标激励.     

委托代理模型及风险分析

本文从实际出发构造了一类委托代理模型,研究了委托人代理人的风险偏好对激励机制的影响.研究表明：委托人在制定激励机制时应结合自己及对方的风险偏好,这样才能达到有效的激励目的.同时,探讨了协调处理代理人风险分担与风险偏好关系的方法.并通过实例加以分析论证.     

委托代理关系在现代企业制度中的探讨

现代企业组织制度中存在着一系列委托代理关系,基于所有权和经营权相分离的委托代理制既是必要的,又是有效的。西方管理学家对委托人目标和代理人效用函数的不一致性进行了研究,提出了委托代理理论。本文简要介绍这一理论,并就现代企业制度中的委托代理关系进行论述。     

现代企业组织制度中的委托-代理关系

现代企业组织制度中存在一系列委托-代理关系,基于所有权和经营权相分离的委托-代理制既是必要的、有效的,又存在着委托人和代理人的效用函数不同的矛盾.西方管理学家对委托人目标和代理人效用函数的不一致性进行了研究,提出了委托-代理理论.简要介绍了这一理论,并从建立健全激励-约束机制、实行目标管理、培育企业文化和建设规范运行的市场4个方面,论述了建立健全激励-约束,改善委托-代理关系的途径.     

基于概率约束的多级委托-代理模型研究

文章在基于Holmstrom、Milgrom的简化委托-代理模型的基础上,建立了设置二级委托人的委托-代理模型,进而建立了基于概率约束的多级委托-代理模型,用实际收入代替了确定性等价收入,不必知道代理人效用函数的具体形式,避免了代理人的风险规避难的度量问题。最后用简单线性产出函数给予分析,推出了一些有用结论。为解决“搭便车”现象提供一些理论指导。     

供应链中委托代理模型及其促销策略

供应链领域的供应、制造、销售基本环节存在委托代理关系·针对这种关系,构造了制造商、销售商和消费者的委托代理模型·其中制造商即委托人的目标函数是利润最大化,销售商即代理人的激励条件是不低于最低销售利润,销售商及消费者即代理人的参与条件是一组动态方程·这一模型的控制变量是商业折扣和广告费用·文中将上述问题化为一个无约束极值问题,采用进化规划进行了案例优化与仿真分析     

激励设计中棘轮效应的分析

棘轮效应是委托代理关系中委托人与代理人追求目标发生冲突时产生的一种现象。借用单阶段静态分析和双阶段动态分析,认为产生这种现象的根源在于两者的信息不对称,委托人难于观察代理人的努力程度,企业经营的不确定因素多而复杂,委托人和代理人无法达成长期一致的激励合同,得出棘轮效应的大小由企业风险和代理人风险规避程度来决定的结论。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to