Conditional automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts: Evidence from Chinese

Adults automatically retrieve multiplication facts in a number matching task, in which participants judge whether the target number is one of the two cue digits presented previously. They are slower in rejecting the number which is the sum or the product of cues than a neutral number. The present study explored, with Chinese adult participants, whether such automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts can be affected by experiential and experimental factors such as learning experience and task set. We classified cue digits into two categories: small number first (the ascending order) and large number first (the descending order), according to whether the smaller or larger digit was presented on the left of the other. Experiment 1 found that product numbers were more difficult to reject than non-product numbers. Moreover, the order of cues played a role in modulating the magnitude of the interference effect, with ascending order conditions having larger interference than descending order conditions. Experiment 2 added a task-irrelevant addition or subtraction sign between the two cues and replicated the pattern of effects in Experiment 1, although the interference effects were significantly reduced. Experiment 3 instructed participants to judge whether the target number was the sum of the two cue digits. No interference effect was found for the target that was the product of cues. These findings suggest that the retrieval of multiplication facts, albeit automatic, can be influenced by learning experience (cue order effects in Experiments 1 & 2), the compatibility of the cuing context with the stored template information (reduced interference effects across Experiments 1 & 2), and task set (elimination of interference effects in Experiment 3). Retrieving multiplication facts is therefore conditionally automatic.     

条件推理中前提顺序效应再探

为了进一步检验模型理论的观点并深入揭示条件推理的认知机制,以大学生为被试,探讨了交换推理的前提顺序以及推理内容对条件推理的影响,结果发现:交换条件推理的前提顺序的确不能促进MT推理,不支持心理模型观点.     

基于条件随机场的中文科研论文信息抽取

科研论文头部信息和引文信息对基于域的论文检索、统计和引用分析是必不可少的.由于隐马尔可夫模型不能充分利用对抽取有用的上下文特征,因此文中提出了一种基于条件随机场的中文科研论文头部和引文信息抽取方法,该方法的关键在于模型参数估计和特征选择.实验中采用L-BFGS算法学习模型参数,并选择局部、版面、词典和状态转移4类特征作为模型特征集.在信息抽取时先利用分隔符、特定标识符等格式信息对文本进行分块,在分块基础上用条件随机场进行指定域的抽取.实验表明,该方法抽取性能明显优于基于隐马尔可夫模型的方法,且加入不同的特征集对抽取性能提升作用不同.     

邓小平的创新精神与实事求是

邓小平对实事求是的创新在邓小平的创新思维与创新理论中居于核心地位，贯穿于邓小平理论形成和发展的始终。他把实事求是提到马克思主义世界观和方法论的高度，视为马列主义、毛泽东思想的精髓；把实事求是同解放思想结合起来，揭示了二者之间的辩证关系；丰富了实事求是思想路线的内容，形成了系统的务实哲学；运用实事求是方法，创立了邓小平理论。历史经验证明，经过邓小平创新的实事求是思想路线始终是保证中国共产党及其所领导的社会主义现代化建设事业永葆蓬勃生机与活力的法宝。     

网络文本中文药名实体识别

针对中文医药类网络文本的不规范性引起的药名实体识别性能下降,提出基于层次结构的多策略方法。首先使用条件随机场模型结合改进的最大匹配算法识别药名实体,然后在此基础上对其中的不规范药名实体利用最小编辑距离方法规范化药名实体并扩充药名词典。实验结果表明,改进的最大匹配算法结合统计模型有效地提升了药名实体识别的性能,同时为药名实体规范化扩展提供了新的思路。     

形式规则、心理模型与概率理论——条件推理中三种理论模型的比较研究

条件推理是一种最简单的演绎推理。然而心理学家对于人们是如何进行条件推理一直存在三种不同的理论观点：形式规则、心理模型和概率理论。这些理论都能解释条件推理过程中的一些现象,但还存在一定的不足,本文将对这些理论进行详细的评述。     

中国人关于母亲的联想不同于美国人——来自范围假设的证据

两个实验分别从自我和母亲的角度考察了范围假设。每个实验单元包括起始任务和目标任务,起始任务要求被试对人格特质进行描述或定义,目标任务要求被试回忆一件与起始任务中的特质一致或不一致的情节,然后进行针对起始任务特质描述等级的判断。结果发现,当参照条件为自我时,无论特质的描述程度如何,特质概要都存在,并启动了不一致的情节记忆,该结果与Klein等人有关美国被试的结果类似;当参照条件为母亲时,中国被试在高、中、低描述程度下依然存在稳定的特质概要并启动了不一致的情节记忆,这一结果与美国被试的结果有所不同。该实验从范围假设的角度证实了中国人记忆中母亲的角色类似于自我的角色,并暗示中国人的自我图式可能包含母亲。     

Material differences of auditory source retrieval: Evidence from event-related potential studies

Two event-related potential experiments were conducted to investigate the temporal and the spatial distributions of the old/new effects for the item recognition task and the auditory source retrieval task using picture and Chinese character as stimuli respectively. Stimuli were presented on the center of the screen with their names read out either by female or by male voice simultaneously during the study phase and then two testa were performed separately. One test task was to differentiate the old items from the new ones, and the other task was to judge the items read out by a certain voice during the study phase as targets and other ones as non-targets. The results showed that the old/new effect of the auditory source retrieval task was more sustained over time than that of the item recognition task in both experiments, and the spatial distribution of the former effect was wider than that of the latter one. Both experiments recorded reliable old/new effect over the prefrontal cortex during the source retrieval task. However, there existed some differences of the old/new effect for the auditory source retrieval task between picture and Chinese character, and LORETA source analysis indicated that the differences might be rooted in the temporal lobe. These findings demonstrate that the relevancy of the old/new effects between the item recognition task and the auditory source retrieval task supports the dual-process model; the spatial and the temporal distributions of the old/new effect elicited by the auditory source retrieval task are regulated by both the feature of the experimental material and the perceptual attribute of the voice.     

从汉语借词来看汉英语言接触中的匹配回归机制

借词是当今语言学中的“显学“接触语言学首先研究的重点.汉语借词由原语--英语进入受语--汉语要受到汉语匹配(再匹配)机制和回归机制的约束.这两个机制是建立在形式相似性、内容对应性以及“社会约定俗成“的基础之上的.它们之所以发生作用是语言本身、社会、心理等一系列因素综合制约的结果.从匹配回归角度对汉语借词进行重新分类有利于避免在意译词的归属问题上存在的争论.     

国内股票基金行为模式——来自封闭成长型股票基金的证据

为研究国内基金经理的行为模式和市场有效性,选取2004年至2010年国内11支封闭式成长型股票基金作为样本进行实证研究。该文采用相关系数检验与Copula分解系数对样本进行分析。研究结果表明:国内股票型基金不遵循基本分析而遵循技术分析进行投资,在市场上升时买入、在市场下跌时卖出,具有显著羊群效应;国内基金经理不显著具备预测股票趋势的能力;并且技术分析的依赖程度和基础分析的效果与基金业绩表现都没有显著相关性,说明国内股票市场弱有效和半强有效。     

外源性注意不同线索提示比例对汉字数字SNARC效应的影响

采用Posner的线索实验范式,以判断数字奇偶为任务,材料为壹到玖的汉字数字,探讨外源性注意条件下不同线索提示比例对汉字数字SNARC效应的影响.结果发现:(1)当有效线索提示为80%时,注意和非注意条件下对汉字数字的加工均出现明显的SNARC效应,尽管在非注意条件下汉字数字出现明显的SNARC效应,但效应的趋...     

A peculiar composite M- and W-type REE tetrad effect: Evidence from the Shuiquangou alkaline syenite complex,Hebei Province,China

A new type of REE tetrad effect, a composite M- and W-type, was recognized in the K-feldsparthized and silicificated Shuiquangou alkaline syenites, Dongping, Hebei Province. Different analytical methods such as ICP-MS and isotopic dilution thermal ion mass spectrometer were exploited to verify the REE concentrations of the samples in three laboratories in China, France and Korea. The results are reliable and consistent within errors. In situ quantitative analysis of REE concentrations of individual zircons and apatites extracted from the very same sample has shown that fractional crystallization of magma and the superimposed hydrothermal alteration might have taken place in at least two-stage hydrothermal activities to generate the composite M- and W-type REE tetrad effect. The coexisting melt and aqueous phases, the superimposed alteration by volatile (Cl, CO₂)^– and Si, K, Al-enriched high temperature hydrothermal fluids might be the important facts for this new MW-type of REE tetrad effect. In addition, the peculiar MW-type tetrad effect might be an indicator for Au mineralization of reworked plutons.     

互联网情境下大学生社会网络对创业意愿影响研究

在中国“大众创业、万众创新”的时代背景下，大学生创业问题越来越受到各 界的重视。本文基于创业事业模型,构建社会网络对创业意愿的结构方程模型，以290 份 “互联网+”大学生创新创业大赛选手数据为样本,使用SmartPLS 软件进行实证分析。研究 表明，社会网络对大学生创业意愿有显著正向影响，作用过程中感知期望和感知可行性起 到中介作用，互联网情境对社会网络与感知期望关系起负向调节作用，对感知可行性的调 节作用不成立。据此为大学生创业教育中社会网络的培养和互联网的正确使用提供建议。     

Heterogeneity of water in UHP eclogites from Bixiling in Dabieshan： Evidence fromgarnet

Garnets in ultrahigh pressure (UHP) eclogites from Bixiling in Dabieshan were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The results demonstrate that all garnets contain structural water which occurs as hydroxyl (OH), with contents ranging from 164 to 2034 ppm (H2O wt.) and mostly higher than 500 ppm. Like omphacite which is another major OH-rich mineral in eclogites, garnet is an important carrier that can recycle the surface water into deep mantles. Heterogeneity of water in garnets exists not only among different samples of the same outcrop (～150 m), but also among different crystals of the same sample (～1 cm). This indicates that the mobility of fluids during UHP metamorphism is very limited (possibly on centimeter scales), and that both subduction and exhumation processes of UHP rocks are very fast.     

成人英语语音敏感性与单词记忆关系研究——以福建闽南理工学院英语系部分学生为例

以中国大陆成年人为被试,探讨英语语音敏感性与英语单词记忆之间的关系。40名大学二年级学生参加了实验。结果表明,成年人的英语语音敏感性任务：音位分割、音位删除以及音位计数对英语单词记忆具有较强的预测作用。英语学习过程中对符号化、形式化语音表征形式的较好提取、操纵、加工和整合能力是促进成年人英语语音敏感性的主要原因。     

中国汽车产业企业数量影响因素实证探究

在平新乔、魏军锋建立的模型和计量方法基础上,以2006年我国区域汽车工业为研究对象,修改回归模型后对我国汽车区域市场中影响汽车生产厂商数目的主要因素进行实证研究。在验证理论假设后分析回归结果得出结论：我国汽车产业在厂商数目的决定上具有积极的市场导向性;我国汽车工业具有典型的寡头市场特征;短期利润水平不是该产业投资建厂的考量依据之一;居民当期与累计性收入水平对国内汽车产业厂商数目的影响不显著。     

杏仁核参与情绪记忆的脑功能成像研究述评

脑功能成像技术近年来已应用于情绪记忆的研究,相关的研究结果扩展了依据动物实验所得到的有关结论.作者主要对近年来情绪记忆的编码和提取阶段的脑成像研究进行了综述.研究表明,杏仁核在情绪记忆中的作用不仅局限在巩固阶段,它的作用在编码过程的初期已显示出来,并参与记忆的提取过程.脑区相关和联结模型强调了杏仁核与内侧颞叶等之间的交互作用.已有的研究还表明,刺激类型是影响情绪记忆的重要因素之一.杏仁核还参与对情绪的刺激类型、情绪记忆的生动感和主观性的加工.在今后的研究中将多种神经科学的技术相结合会更深入地揭示情绪记忆的脑机制.     

Polybaric partial melting in the continental mantle: Evidence from mantle xenoliths from Qilin Guangdong Province

The extremely low Ti content (160–245 μg/g) in clinopyroxene in some spinel peridotites from Qilin, South China is indicative of high degree of partial melting, inconsistent with their relatively high clinopyroxene modes (7.4%–12.4%). These clinopyroxenes show fractionated HREE patterns ((Gd/Yb)_n<0.2), suggesting the involvement of garnet in the melting regime. These REE patterns can be modeled as residues of 22%–23% fractional melting from a primitive mantle, first in garnet stability field (12%) then continuing in spinel stability field (10%–11%) after breakdown of garnet to pyroxenes and spinel. Such a polybaric melting suggests the lithospheric thinning and rapid mantle upwelling in south China during the Cenozoic. This is consistent with the dominant MORB-OIB isotopic signature and high thermal gradient of the lithospheric mantle in this region, and supports the contention that the formation of South China Sea basin is related to southward migration of continental lithosphere extension, rather than passive back-arc basin.     

在历史美学的批评视野中坚持实事求是——关于毛泽东诗词研究的几点感触

毛泽东的诗词作品和他的理论著作在思想上是统一的,一致的,每个时期的毛泽东诗词,都是当时毛泽东的思想体现和情感抒发。在毛泽东诗词研究中,应该进一步解放思想,在马克思主义的历史、美学批评视野中,坚持实事求是的原则,勇于探索,勇于发现,做出新的开拓。文章主要谈谈我个人关于毛泽东诗词研究的几点感触,供同志们批评指正。     

Differentiation and accumulation of fluids in A-type granites: Evidence from accessory mineral study

The Laoshan A-type granite is a highly evolved granite body. The study on accessory minerals indicates that there exist differentiation and accumulation of fluids during the late stage of evolution of the granite. The released fluids are rich in rare-earth elements (REE), high-fieldstrength elements (HFSE, such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Th, U, and Y) and volatiles (F, P, CO₂, etc.). Owing to the presence of fluid, accessory mineral assemblages have changed during the evolution of A-type granite, and are especially characterized by large amounts of independent REE-Nb-Y-Th minerals present in the late facies. Late-accumulation of fluids may be of the general feature of A-type granites, at least of highly evolved ones.