杉木传粉生物学的观察

观察了杉木雌、雄球花在树冠上的分布规律及开花，传粉的全过程，发现雌球花主要分布在树冠中，上部，即Ⅰ～Ⅳ年龄段，约占总量的７７％，雄球花的分布趋势与雌球相反，在相应部位仅为总量的４０％，雌球花开放期约７ｄ，可授期３－５ｄ。雄球花的撒粉期与雌球花的可授期是吻合的，传粉过程中对花粉撒落的定量测定表明：睛朗、干燥的天气伴随一定的风力是花粉传播的必要条件，对授粉后幼果的发育及胚珠所接受花粉的多寡与种子发育的     

菜心多倍体诱变及其细胞学观察

报道了用秋水仙素水溶液处理菜心种子及幼苗生长点获得多倍体的方法,并对获得的四倍体与二倍体（ＣＫ）进行了形态学、细胞学以及结籽率等的比较观察。试验结果表明：（１）在１０～１５℃的条件下,用０．１％秋水仙素水溶液处理幼苗生长点４８小时的诱变效果最好,诱变率可达２６．６７％,浸泡种子效果不佳,最高诱变率仅为４．０％。（２）对四倍体植株分别进行人工自交均获得了种子,但结籽率较二倍体（ＣＫ）明显降低,平均达４２．３％,而八倍体植株几乎是完全不育的。（３）与二倍体（ＣＫ）比较,四倍体植株生长旺盛,花薹的产量和品质均有所提高。（４）随着染色体组的增加,花粉粒大小和叶片保卫细胞中的叶绿体数均显著增加,可作为鉴定植株倍性的一个指标     

微甘菊生活史及其对除莠剂的反应研究

微甘菊种子细小．千粒重０．０８９２ｇ，在自然条件下６～８天内完全萌发，萌发率９５．３％。种子萌发最适温度２５～３０℃，４０℃可使种子完全丧失萌发能力，５℃则明显抑制种子萌发。无性繁殖的营养生长比实生苗生长更快，光照对种子萌发和营养生长都有明显的促进作用。有性繁殖期是在９月至翌年２月，这时花的生物量占植株地上部分总生物量的３８．７％～４２．８％。小花从现蕾、盛开到受精形成成熟种子仅１５～１７天，但每天需光照１２ｈ左右才能正常结实。除莠剂“兰达”（Ｒｏｕｎｄｕｐ）、“草坝王”（Ｂｅｎｔａｚｏｎ）、“毒莠定”（ＴＯＲＤＯＮ）和“恶草灵”（ＲＯＮＳＴＡＲ）都对微甘菊种子和幼苗有杀灭作用，其中以浓度为０．４％的“草坝王”和０．２％的“毒莠定”效果较佳。     

壳聚糖富集火焰原子吸收法测定天然水中痕量铜、锌和镍

本文自虾壳中提取了甲壳质，经脱乙酰基后转变为壳聚糖。详细研究了壳聚糖吸附Ｃｕ~（２＋）、Ｚｎ~（２＋）、Ｎｉ~（２＋）的最佳条件，洗脱及再生方法。利用其富集天然水中痕量Ｃｕ~（２＋）、Ｚｎ~（２＋）、Ｎｉ~（２＋）后，火焰原子吸收法测定，回收率为９５．０％～１０３．０％，检出限分别为Ｃｕ０．０７７μｇ／Ｌ，Ｚｎ０．０２４μｇ／Ｌ，Ｎｉ０．１４μｇ／Ｌ。     

盐胁迫对主要造林树种种子活力及幼苗生理特性的影响

在水培条件下进行刺槐（Ｒｏｂｉｎｉａｐｓｅｕｄｏａｃａｃｉａ）、马尾松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｍａｓｏｎｉａｎａ）、水杉（Ｍｅｔａｓｅｑｕｏｉａｇｌｙｐｔｏｓｔｒｏｂｏｉｄｅｓ）种子和幼苗的耐盐性试验。盐浓度为０．０％,０．１％,０．２％,０．３％,同时用２５０×１０－６多效唑（ＭＥＴ）测定预处理种子后的耐盐性。结果表明：盐浓度越大,种子发芽势及发芽率越低,简化苗木活力指数（ＳＶＩＳ）越小;ＭＥＴ对种子发芽势、发芽率及ＳＶＩＳ有抑制作用。但盐浓度越大,种子发芽率、ＳＶＩＳ越大;根茎比随盐浓度的增加而降低,ＭＥＴ有增加根茎比值的趋势;幼苗体内游离脯氨酸含量随盐浓度增加而增加,ＭＥＴ能提高脯氨酸的含量;在试验盐浓度下,刺槐、马尾松耐盐能力为０．２％～０．３％,水杉０．１％～０．２％。在沙培条件下,用２５０×１０－６硼酸,０．３％氯化钙和２５０×１０－６ＭＥＴ处理刺槐、湿地松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｅｌｉｏｔｉｉ）、侧柏（Ｐｌａｔｙｃｌａｄｕｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ）种子,其耐盐能力增强。其中,氯化钙处理湿地松效果较好;硼酸处理侧柏效果好,ＭＥＴ处理居中。３种处理对刺槐的耐盐能力影响不大。     

NaCI，Na_2SO_4和Na_2CO_3对小麦生长，脯氨酸及Na~＋，K~＋含量的比较研究

在５０、１００和２００ｍｍｏｌ／ｌ下，研究了ＮａＣＩ、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４和Ｎａ２ＣＯ３对小麦高生长、生物量生长、脯氨酸及Ｎａ＋，Ｋ＋含量的影响。ＮａＣＩ处理使高度下降８．８％～３５．４％、而Ｎａ２ＳＯ４和Ｎａ２ＣＯ３分别为８．８％～７７．９％和５３．１％～１００．０％。ＮａＣＩ处理使鲜重和干重分别降低１４．３％～４２．９％和６．１％～３６．７％，而Ｎａ２ＳＯ４处理分别为１４．３％～６４．３％和７．２％～５８．９％，Ｎａ２ＣＯ３处理分别为５０．０％～７４．１％和４８．３％～７２．８％。在ＮａＣＩ、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４和Ｎａ２ＣＯ３处理下，脯氨酸含量分别增加０．０％～６６．７％、０．０％～３３．３％和６６．７％～１００．０％。Ｎａ＋／Ｋ＋分别提高２．５～１１．９、３．６～１１４．１和３５．１～１５６．６倍。结果表明：Ｎａ２ＣＯ３的胁迫比Ｎａ２ＳＯ４强，而Ｎａ２ＳＯ４的胁迫影响又比ＮａＣｌ强     

水杉人工林生物量及其制浆性能的研究

研究了水杉人工林３种密度林分的地上部分生物量、干物质分配模式、制浆性能和工艺成熟龄。结果表明：（１）不同密度的水杉人工林，其地上部分生物量存在较大差异。１０年生前，３种密度林分的生物量生产为２５００株·ｈｍ－２＞１２５０株·ｈｍ－２＞６２５株·ｈｍ－２；１０～１４年间为２５００株·ｈｍ－２＞６２５株·ｈｍ－２＞１２５０株·ｈｍ－２。（２）林分村干生物量所占的比例随林龄的增大而递增，枝、叶所占的比例则随林龄的增大而降低。１４年生时，３种密度林分树干、枝、叶生物量所占比例分别在６５．８８％～７０．２％，２３．３％～２４．８％和６．６％～９．４％之间。（３）林龄和密度显著影响林分的净平均生产量。１４年生３种密度林分的地上部分年均净生产量分别为５２４０．４ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２、４６１３．３ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２和６０５８．７ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２。（４）水杉的纤维素含量为４７．５％左右，平均纤维长为３．１７５ｍｍ，是一种高级造纸原料。（５）不同密度的水杉人工林，工艺成熟龄存在差异，６２５株·ｈｍ－２、１２５０株·ｈｍ－２和２５００株·ｈｍ－２林分分别约在２５～２８年、２１～２４年及１７～２０年之间。     

油菜素内酯对大豆苗期生长及硝酸还原酶活性的影响

ＢＲ能明显促进大豆苗期生长,硝酸还原酶活性也明显提高１０μｇ．Ｌ＾－１ＢＲ能使大豆株高增加１４．７％使根的鲜重增加５９．３％,硝酸还原酶活性增加１．１～２．８倍。     

绣球花科西康溲疏及其近缘种变异性的数量分析

在详细鉴定了四川所有标本馆及云南部分标本馆珍藏的西康溲疏与长叶溲疏、球花溲疏这三种的标本８００余号的基础上，进行了实地采集补充，选出能代表其总体形态变异性的不同地方居群具花标本６０号作分类运算单位（ＯＴＵｓ），而２２个数量性状被测量作变量．分类运算单位间的关系通过聚类分析、主成分分析、散点图及柱状图表述．聚类分析可知，球花溲疏是一独立的种，而西康溲疏与长叶溲疏间有重叠．ＰＣＡ显示所有ＯＴＵｓ沿ＰＣⅠ大致群集成３个分类群，而ＰＣⅡ及ＰＣⅢ轴上则随机散布；前３个ＰＣ揭示了该三近缘种变异性总信息的７８．８５％．由此可知：长叶溲疏种内变异相当活跃，西康溲疏和球花溲疏可能由长叶溲疏分化而来．由于球花溲疏种下极端的同质性，它无疑是一独立种等级．ＰＣⅠ轴特征矢量绝对值大小显示出叶表毛被，萼筒上星状毛在该三种的分类中的重要性．从散点图和柱状图可知，西康溲疏在多项特征上处于球花溲疏和长叶溲疏间，它是否是后二种的杂交种呢？实地考察结合其他证据证明这是不可能的．还结合四川西部和东部冰川作用的不同而导致溲疏属在川东、川西的变异模式的差异，对西康溲疏起源于长叶溲疏的地质年代作出推论，得出了西康溲疏是长叶溲疏种下的一局限分布的、新近分     

过氧化氢对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

试验结果表明，外源Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度低于０．４％时，对小麦种子萌发有促进作用；Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度超过０．４％时，则抑制种子萌发，其抑制程度随着Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度的增大而加强；Ｈ２Ｏ２对主胚根和胚芽的伸长均有抑制作用，并且对主胚根的抑制强于胚芽；低浓度（小于０．４％）Ｈ２Ｏ２能够促使侧生胚根的伸长，增加胚根数；叶片中ＰＯＤ活性和ＭＤＡ含量与Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度均存在密切的相关性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the