钱学森指导我们进行复杂性哲学探索

本文系统地回顾了几十年来在钱学森关心与指导下,如何从系统论、信息论、控制论、耗散结构理论、协同学、超循环理论等九门系统理论中提炼出一种新的方法论形态———系统科学方法论,系统观以及系统科学哲学———系统论,作为系统科学沟通马克思主义哲学的桥梁的历史进程。阐述了这种系统复杂性理论与方法对北京、哈尔滨等十个省、市、地区的科学、技术与社会协调发展规划的指导。     

基于控制论的SCA武器系统效能评估方法

分析了现代武器系统所面临的两大挑战———体系复杂性挑战和不确定性挑战。指出武器系统作战效能不仅取决于自身的作战潜能 ,而且受己方探测系统与指控系统效能的约束 ,并且反映在由防御方的探测系统、指控系统与武器系统组成的敌对战场力量体系的对抗效能上。在此基础上 ,阐述了现有武器系统作战效能评估方法的不足 ,提出了一种基于控制论思想的武器系统作战效能评估方法———SCA ,运用关系代数给出了其模型算法 ,并提供了一个具体的评估实例。最后展望了本方法的未来研究方向     

探析活系统模型:发展、模型及系统方 法简

斯塔福德·比尔成功汲取系统论、控制论、信息论领域的研究成果，并将这些成果成功引入组织管理之中，成功的创建了活系统模型，本文力求厘清活系统模型的发展脉络，探讨活系统模型的萌芽与创立的历史进程，并在此基础上分析该模型及其系统方法，旨在更全面地了解和研究活系统模型。     

Cybernetics and systems at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Society of Management Science and Applied Cybernetics (SOMAC)

CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) is the largest civil research organization in India, and SOMAC (the Society of Management Science and Applied Cybernetics) is the first cybernetics society in India. How cybernetics and systems (C and S) have been applied by these two organizations for the last 25 years forms the theme of this paper.     

A Design View on Research in Social Sciences

Research in social sciences has not had the same impact as research in natural sciences and several authors are critical of social science research methods. In order to elucidate this problem, the author analyzes the purpose of research in general and in social sciences in particular. The author makes reference to various research methods that are suggested and used in social sciences. Social science research differs from research in natural sciences. It differs not only in being dependent on actions of human individuals but also because systems in social sciences are a complex mixture of Hard and Soft systems. The paper argues that research in Human Activity Systems should focus on design. This view changes the research perspective and the demands on the research methods to be used. The author suggests a method based on focusing decision settings combined with Action Research.     

On integration and adaptation in complex service systems

The services sector employs a large and growing proportion of workers in the industrialized nations, and it is increasingly dependent on information and communication technologies. While the interdependences, similarities and complementarities of manufacturing and services are significant, there are considerable differences between goods and services, including the shift in focus from mass production to mass customization （whereby a service is produced and delivered in response to a customer＇s stated or imputed needs）. In general, services can be considered to be knowledge-intensive agents or components which work together as providers and consumers to create or co-produce value. Like manufacturing systems, an efficient service system must be an integrated system of systems, leading to greater connectivity and interdependence. Integration must occur over the physical, temporal, organizational and functional dimensions, and must include methods concerned with the component, the management, and the system. Moreover, an effective service system must also be an adaptable system, leading to greater value and responsiveness. Adaptation must occur over the dimensions of monitoring, feedback, cybernetics and learning, and must include methods concerned with space, time, and system. In sum, service systems are indeed complex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the human-centered aspects of such systems. Moreover, the system complexities can only be dealt with methods that enhance system integration and adaptation. The paper concludes with several insights, including a plea to shift the current misplaced focus on developing a science or discipline for services to further developing a systems engineering approach to services, an approach based on the integration and adaptation of a host of sciences or disciplines （e.g., physics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, sociology, etc.）. In fact, what is required is a services-related transdisciplinary - beyond a single disciplinary - ontology or taxon     

协同学及其在计算系统和社会系统中的应用

协同学是一门崭新的横断科学。第一本协同学专著出版于1977年。后来,它的概念和方法被广泛用于自然科学和社会科学的许多领域。本文对协同学作简明介绍,并扼要探讨它在计算系统和社会系统中的应用前景。     

An outline of the varieties of the second-order systems sciences

The systems sciences are based on a universal language of systems which can be used within most academic disciplines in their endeavors for exploring the world. Currently, systems sciences cover a wide variety of different approaches like complex adaptive systems, resilient systems or systems engineering. One of the future extensions of the systems sciences comes through the applications of second-order systems science as a new field of reflexive studies on first-order systems science. This article provides a general background on the relations of first-order science and second-order science in general and then goes on to sketch a basic outline for the second-order systems sciences and their potentials for quality control and for innovations for the first-order systems sciences.     

Action Research and the Management and Systems Sciences

In this paper I explore the possibility of a complementary relationship between action research and the management and systems sciences. A range of purposes that action researchers and management and systems scientists pursue is initially set out. The paper then explores whether this diversity of purposes and the ways they recommend people to proceed may come together in a new whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. A potentially useful realization of this for practice is a reflexive process of critique, choice, and action, which is elaborated on. The paper then investigates what view of holism arises from the preceeding discussions.     

In Search of Resonance

In this paper I explore the possibility of a complementary relationship between action research and the management and systems sciences. A range of purposes that action researchers and management and systems scientists pursue is initially set out. The paper then explores whether this diversity of purposes and the ways they recommend people to proceed may come together in a new whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. A potentially useful realization of this for practice is a reflexive process of critique, choice, and action, which is elaborated on. The paper then investigates what view of holism arises from the preceeding discussions.     

熵原理作为宇宙第一法则的辩护

现代科学中基于原子论的力学规律被认为是极其成功的自然法则,解释了世界为什么是这个样子。但现代科学中的二元论造成了主体与客体的分离,形成了人与自然对立的世界观,在哪怕一点点偏离简单机械物理系统的情形时就顿时失去了效用,这严重阻碍了其成功走向生物、人文、社会等领域,有失其作为宇宙第一法则的地位。本文首先分析了力学法则引起的对自然不可逆现象和熵的主客观之争。提出了一个新的生成性的实在,这样非局域性、不可积、不可逆、熵和信息特征自然地一开始就出现在微观动力学中,而可逆微观动力学仅是简化的特例,熵原理可取代基于原子论的力学规律作为宇宙的第一法则。不可逆性(熵)具有主观性和客观性这两种观点可以统一起来。被认为是认识论"幻象"和"主观性"的宏观不可逆世界也具有本体论的地位。以熵原理为宇宙的第一法则的科学可形成主客体统一的自洽世界观,构建起一个统一两个世界、两种文化的新框架。     

当前我国管理科学与社会经济系统工程领域的热点和焦点

近几年我国经济／管理科学界正以承先启后、推陈出新的时代特征向经济／管理系统工程的特定领域发展。了解我国当前在发展经济／管理科学与工程中的若干热点有助于进一步开拓社会经济／管理系统工程的广阔空间。如果能在此基础上探讨我国当前在社会经济和管理中一些值得系统科学工作者为之苦心孤诣出谋划策的焦点，也许更能体现联系实际。本文拟对此综合地、提纲挈领地加以讨论。     

矿井优化设计预处理的混合专家系统

介绍了一种用于矿井方案优化设计预处理的混合专家系统——基于神经网络与规则推理的专家系统；阐述了该混合专家系统的基本结构及实现过程，提出输出向量的模糊分类；此外，简要介绍了该系统的实际应用。     

The Holistic Sense of Prison Phenomena in Venezuela. III. The Unity of the Research

In this paper the underlying systemic unity of the research reported in the two previous articles is sought. The research journey is examined in order to draw lessons concerning our systemic practice. In addition, an effort is made to relate Interpretive Systemology to some strands of systems, management and action research sciences. In so doing, we expect to draw some links that could be established between interpretive systemologists and the community of researchers who compose the select audience of SPAR.     

从人工生命到人工社会--复杂社会系统研究的现状和展望

介绍了人工社会研究工作的内容、方法及其思想基础，并对其应用和未来趋势进行展望。文中简述了社会学研究的历史阶段、主要问题和困难，人工生命和人工社会方法的有效性，并着重描述了Epstein和Axtell的工作，以及相应的涌现方法在复杂社会系统研究中的中心作用。本文还讨论了目前对人工社会方法的各种批判意见及其回应。     

Systemic Evaluation Methodology: The Emergence of Social Learning From Environmental ICT Prototypes

This paper investigates why and how systems approaches can help in evaluating the design of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as social learning platforms. It focuses on the prototypes created by the research project Virtualis, whose objective is to promote social learning on environmental concepts and practices amongst a variety of stakeholders. The paper presents the principles of systems thinking and practice that did help in formulating such evaluation processes. It illustrates how both a peer systemic evaluation process (within the research team) and a participatory evaluation process (involving potential future users of the ICTs) were carried out.     

A Novel Method of Finance Market Regulation Based on Control Overshoot

In the finance market, risk happened in two pattern. In one case, extreme volatility together with a short balance time leads to a great panic to the market. On the contrary, if the volatility is smaller, the time period will usually be longer. It will bring many infections to various related fields,which causes wider range influences to the economy. Both cases hurt financial market and the economy itself deeply. In this paper, we developed a novel market regulation method in which the conflict of fluctuation time and volatility will be balanced. It describes a way to compute a portfolio of relatively short time period together with smaller fluctuation volatility by using a general prediction algorithm based on overshoot in cybernetics. It can also give explanation to counter-cyclical supervision theory and macro-prudential regulation. Furthermore, it can provide numerical operation guide for countercyclical supervision theory and macro-prudential regulation.     

Teaching Systems Theory/Thinking/Behavior: Systemic Behavior Instead of One-Sidedness: Making Bridges Among Specialists

In the current real life, systems theory is an abstract background of systems thinking,which is a part of systemic behavior. The systemic behavior is the alternative to the currently prevailing one-sidedness that puts all of humankind in danger of self-destruction due to the crucial over-sights(all the way to world wars) that unavoidably result from the current over-specialization(along with crucial, but partial insights), if the specialists fail to practice creative interdisciplinary cooperation.This contribution is a next phase of research after the contributions by Matja? Mulej, Zdenka ?enko and Viktor ?akelj(2017) and by Matja? Mulej, et al.(2013). Although the abstract background and thinking that the systemic behavior applies, are very necessary, theory and thinking are no longer enough for systems science to be a relevant science and practice helping humankind find the way out from the current blind alley and survive as a healthy civilization with a healthy social and natural environment. The suggestion in this contribution therefore reads: Let us systems and cybernetics scientists make/enable the transition to systemic behavior, which applies all the many theories, which are components in the background of systemic behavior in practice, next to each other and/or in synergy. Analysis, i.e., studying per isolated parts is too overlooking and one-sided to be enough. So is teaching on a single one out of several systems theories. Reality is too complex. Teaching is a part of this necessary effort, which must lead to a global peace and survival of humankind of today instead of the current hating the human descendants.     

综合集成与知识科学

对以钱学森教授为主首创的处理开放复杂巨系统问题的方法——综合集成以及知识科学近年来的发展作一个简要的综述 .首先介绍了日益引起重视的知识科学 ,给出我们对知识科学的整体认识 ;接着介绍了国内外一些综合与集成方法 ,并介绍了作者根据近年来的研究而提出的综合集成知识系统 ,最后以可持续发展和宏观经济决策 2个案例来说明两者的结合 .     

复杂性科学及其演变

复杂性科学是研究复杂系统行为与性质的科学，具有统一的方法论——整体论或非还原论。复杂性科学诞生的标志是一般系统论的创立。依据研究对象的变化，我们可把复杂性科学的发展历史大致划分为3个阶段，它们分别是：第一阶段，研究存在；第二阶段，研究演化；第三阶段，综合研究阶段。在国内，钱学森学派为发展复杂性科学做了很大贡献。