A Design View on Research in Social Sciences

Research in social sciences has not had the same impact as research in natural sciences and several authors are critical of social science research methods. In order to elucidate this problem, the author analyzes the purpose of research in general and in social sciences in particular. The author makes reference to various research methods that are suggested and used in social sciences. Social science research differs from research in natural sciences. It differs not only in being dependent on actions of human individuals but also because systems in social sciences are a complex mixture of Hard and Soft systems. The paper argues that research in Human Activity Systems should focus on design. This view changes the research perspective and the demands on the research methods to be used. The author suggests a method based on focusing decision settings combined with Action Research.     

斑杂破碎的世界还是系统层次的世界——简评新经验主义和简述系统实在论（一）

本文对英美科学哲学中的以南茜.卡特赖特为代表的史坦福学派新经验主义（斯坦福学派是一个强调从哲学上来研究实际的科学实践,否定科学统一或科学整合可能性的新经验主义的松散联盟,成员包括John Dupré,Ian Hacking（哈金）,Margaret Morrison（莫里森）,Peter Galison（艾莉森）和Nancy Cartwright等人,其中以南茜的观点最为激进。Nancy Cartwright（1944-）伦敦经济学院哲学系教授,前任美国科学哲学学会主席。英国科学院院士。曾经任教于许多大学包括美国斯坦福大学。）提出批评、剖析和讨论,认为南茜否定基本物理定律的普遍性的观点以及她的＂斑杂破碎的世界＂是对一般科学方法论和系统科学方法论的一种颠覆性的论证。清华大学吴彤教授根据新经验主义提出的《破碎的系统观》是我国系统哲学的一种新见解,也是很有启发性和颠覆性的,无论你赞成还是反对面对,都值得我们认真研究和讨论。本文认为系统科学的发展实际上已经正面解决了＂南茜的质疑＂。系统科学哲学研究的关键问题在于采取跨学科研究方法,具体地研究不同类型的系统。当今的主攻方向是要研究复杂系统的普遍规律及其突现行为,并用于解决我国开放改革遇到的各种全局性和局域性问题。世界是有系统的和有规律性的而不是斑杂破碎和无规的。     

系统科学、复杂性科学与复杂系统科学哲学

以整体性为指导范式的系统科学与复杂性科学转变了人们的思维方式,作为二者的延伸与拓展,复杂系统科学哲学这一研究领域逐渐引起了科学哲学家们的密切关注。沿着历史发展的角度,梳理系统科学形成和发展的三条进路、清晰复杂性科学的兴起,有助于看清复杂系统科学哲学的未来走向。     

STABILITY AND FEEDBACK CONTROL OF A CLASS OF SECOND-ORDER LINEAR SYSTEMS IN BANACH SPACE

In this paper. we are concerned with the stability and control problem for aclass of second-order linear systems in Banach space. First. a criterion for the exponentialstability of a first-order linear system is presented. Then. the exponential stability as wellas some properties of a class of second-order linear systems is proved. At last. the feedbackcontrol of this class of systems is investigated.     

斑杂破碎的世界还是系统层次的世 界简

本文对英美科学哲学中的以南茜·卡特赖特为代表的史坦福学派新经验主义提出批评、剖析和讨论,认为南茜否定基本物理定律的普遍性的观点以72_她的“斑杂破碎的世界”是对一般科学方法论和系统科学方法论的一种d颠覆性的论证。清华大学吴彤教授根据新经验主义提出的《破碎的系统观》是我国系统哲学的一种新见解,也是很有启发性和颠覆性的,无论你赞成还是反对,都值得我们认真研究和讨论。本文认为系统科学的发展实际上已经正面解决了“南茜的质疑”。系统科学哲学研究的关键问题在于采取跨学科研究方法,具体地研究不同类型的系统。当今的主攻方向是要研究复杂系统的普遍规律及其突现行为,并用于解决我国开放改革遇到的各种全局性和局域性问题。世界是有系统的和有规律性的而不是班杂~,r4-和无规的。     

Systemic solutions for systemic problems

The systems sciences and cybernetics emerged in the years after World War II. These fields created many new approaches to engineering and management and contributed new ideas to existing academic fields. The new fields also identified similar concepts across a range of fields and began to create a general theory of systems. In addition the systems sciences created a variety of methods for managing complex systems, for example logistics, operations research and computer simulations. In the 1970s there was concern about population and environment balance. Currently there is increasing concern with governance, since the rate of presentation of problems seems to be greater than the ability of our institutions to manage them. This paper will discuss the history of systems science and cybernetics, the questions formulated and the solutions proposed, the difficulties encountered in finding a home within contemporary universities and some exciting lines of research now underway.     

Containment Control of Multi-Agent Systems with Stochastic Multiplicative Noises

Journal of Systems Science and Complexity - This paper investigates the containment problem of continuous-time multi-agent systems with multiplicative noises, where the first-order and second-order...     

系统科学是复杂系统的多张透视图

系统哲学的认识论是透视论,它是研究复杂系统的方法论。人类的认知能力不足以建立包罗万象的复杂系统模型,不得已求其次,只抽象出复杂系统某些属性——关系而构建某些种类的系统模型及其相应的系统科学诸学科。系统科学现有的十几门学科是复杂系统的十几张透视图。系统科学有待综合。医学可以提供启发,而完整的综合可能有待计算机模拟技术不断进步在将来完成。     

复杂性科学及其演变

复杂性科学是研究复杂系统行为与性质的科学，具有统一的方法论——整体论或非还原论。复杂性科学诞生的标志是一般系统论的创立。依据研究对象的变化，我们可把复杂性科学的发展历史大致划分为3个阶段，它们分别是：第一阶段，研究存在；第二阶段，研究演化；第三阶段，综合研究阶段。在国内，钱学森学派为发展复杂性科学做了很大贡献。     

Consensus for Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems with Directed Network Topologies

In this paper, the consensus problem for heterogeneous multi-agent systems composed of first-order and second-order agents is investigated with directed network topologies. Based on a system transformation method, this consensus problem is turned into a consensus problem for homogeneous multi-agent systems. With certain assumption on the control parameters, firstly, necessary and sufficient condition for consensus is proposed with fixed topology. Secondly, sufficient condition is proposed for heterogeneous multi-agent systems to achieve consensus with switching topologies. Finally, simulation examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.     

协同学及其在计算系统和社会系统中的应用

协同学是一门崭新的横断科学。第一本协同学专著出版于1977年。后来,它的概念和方法被广泛用于自然科学和社会科学的许多领域。本文对协同学作简明介绍,并扼要探讨它在计算系统和社会系统中的应用前景。     

Consensus of Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems with Intermittent Communication

This paper studies consensus of a class of heterogeneous multi-agent systems composed of first-order and second-order agents with intermittent communication. For leaderless multi-agent systems, we propose a distributed consensus algorithm based on the intermittent information of neighboring agents. Some sufficient conditions are obtained to guarantee the consensus of heterogeneous multi-agent systems in terms of bilinear matrix inequalities(BMIs). Meanwhile, the relationship between communication duration and each control period is sought out. Moreover, the designed algorithm is extended to leader-following multi-agent systems without velocity measurements. Finally, the effectiveness of the main results is illustrated by numerical simulations.     

A Limit to Our Thinking and Some Unanticipated Moral Consequences: A Science of Conceptual Systems Perspective with Some Potential Solutions

One paradox of modern society is the widespread use of highly complex mechanisms of economic and social self-regulation which produce a large number of unintended and often undesirable side-effects. Human conceptual systems (theories, policies, and mental models which support our thinking) are good enough to keep the self-regulatory mechanisms in operation; yet they are not good enough to prevent and control the undesirable contingencies. Systems thinking, and complexity science are growing in their usefulness for understanding our social systems as well as our conceptual systems. The present paper examines and explains this paradox by combining the ideas from the burgeoning science of conceptual systems and Niklas Luhmann’s social systems theory. Drawing on Luhmann’s argument that social systems build up their internal complexity by disregarding the complexity of the environment, we propose to differentiate between those conceptual systems that reflect the intra-systemic complexity of simpler systems and those that reflect the intra-systemic complexity of sub-systems in combination with systems of systems to include the environmental complexity. Thus it comes about that the former conceptual systems, exemplified by physics, are much more effective and successful than the latter ones, often corresponding to social sciences. The chasm between the qualities of these systems can be overcome by using the tools of Integrative Propositional Analysis.     

复杂科学的研究对象:非线性复杂系统

首先从系统科学的困境入手，以还原论、经验论及“纯科学”为基础的经典科学遇到难题需要吸取系统论和人精神方面发展成为新的科学即复杂科学。复杂科学的兴起是物质、生命和人类社会进化的必然。复杂科学以非线性复杂系统为研究对象，与自然科学、社会科学和思维等科学相结合，在特定的观测、实验和理论条件下，能够得到创新。     

雷达自动目标识别中的HRRP特征提取研究

通过分别考虑基于HRRP一阶统计特性的MCC-TMM(模板匹配分类器)和基于HRRP一阶和二阶统计特性的AGC(自适应高斯分类器),提出了两种新的特征提取方法,使得针对不同的分类器采用不同的特征提取方法,从而更好地滤除HRRP上的高斯噪声和更好地保持不同目标HRRP具有不同的幅度分布即HRRP的可分性。基于外场ISAR和微波暗室两种实测数据的识别实验表明,提出的特征提取方法能够明显提高识别性能。     

Dynamic Revision of Classical Laws in Physics From the Viewpoint of Systems Science

In this paper we analyse some classical laws in physics form the viewpoint of systemsscience and find out some doubtful points,and revise them by the use of the method insystems science.In the end a general methodology based on system identification for studyingdynamic relationship between various causes and effects is given.     

从系统观整体性原则看科学技术学建设

系统观是对系统科学的概念、理论和方法进行高度抽象和概括的产物,目前已成为科学研究和技术开发中地位越来越重要的一种带有指导性的方法论。整体性原则是系统科学方法论的首要原则。本文从普遍存在的种类纷繁的系统中,抽象出科学技术学系统,通过探讨科学技术整体化发展趋势、系统整体与部分、系统内部部分与部分及系统整体与外部环境间的相互联系、相互作用论证了系统观整体性原则在科学技术学建设中的体现。     

当前我国管理科学与社会经济系统工程领域的热点和焦点

近几年我国经济／管理科学界正以承先启后、推陈出新的时代特征向经济／管理系统工程的特定领域发展。了解我国当前在发展经济／管理科学与工程中的若干热点有助于进一步开拓社会经济／管理系统工程的广阔空间。如果能在此基础上探讨我国当前在社会经济和管理中一些值得系统科学工作者为之苦心孤诣出谋划策的焦点，也许更能体现联系实际。本文拟对此综合地、提纲挈领地加以讨论。     

Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Second-Order Nonlinear Uncertain Systems with Guaranteed Transient and Steady State Tracking Error Bounds

This paper presents an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method for a class of second-order nonlinear uncertain systems with guaranteed transient and steady state tracking error bounds. To deal with the tracking error constraint, an output error transformation and sliding surface technique are introduced to transform the constrained second-order system into an equivalent unconstrained first-order one. Then, an ADRC method is developed to achieve output tracking of the transformed uncertain system. The author proves that the closed-loop system is semi-globally uniformly bounded and it is sufficient to guarantee the tracking error constraint for the original system. Simulation results of a system of two inverted pendulums connected by a spring and a damper demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

     

具有惩罚策略的公共物品博弈与合作演化

采用演化博弈方法,研究具有代价的第二方惩罚机制对于公共物品博弈均衡选择及群体合作行为的影响.将群体策略选择过程描述成一个多维马氏过程,通过极限分布分析系统演化稳定状态.分别考虑只对背叛策略进行惩罚的一阶惩罚机制和同时对背叛及不惩罚背叛的合作(二阶背叛)都进行惩罚的二阶惩罚机制.研究发现,与一阶惩罚相比,二阶惩罚机制可以在更大参数范围内促进群体合作的产生,系统存在选择不同均衡结果的惩罚参数临界值.并将结果与复制动态模型进行了对比.