腺相关病毒介导锌指核酸酶体外切除HIV-1基因组研究

人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1, HIV-1)能够整合到宿主细胞基因组并通过基因沉默的方式逃避高效抗逆转录病毒疗法(Highly Active Antietroviral Therapy, HAART),而高效特异性的基因编辑工具的出现，有望成功切除HIV-1前病毒基因组。重组腺相关病毒(AAV)是基因治疗的重要载体系统，为了获得能够高效感染T细胞的基因编辑工具递送系统，本研究通过比较过表达增强绿色荧光蛋白的血清型2、血清型6、血清型DJ的重组腺相关病毒，筛选出T细胞系的偏好血清型为6型。通过比较CMV启动子、SFFV启动子，筛选出T细胞系的偏好启动子为SFFV启动子。最后，我们通过制备过表达靶向HIV-1长末端重复序列(Long Terminal Region, LTR)的锌指核酸酶(Zinc Finger Nuclease, ZFN)的AAV6递送载体系统，感染模拟HIV-1阳性表达的细胞系Ya, T7E1检测证实HIV-1前病毒基因组被特异性切除，流式细胞仪检测证实切除效率约为17.1%,测序分析进一步证实靶向HIV-...     

腺病毒-腺相关病毒嵌合载体的研发趋势

分析腺病毒-腺相关病毒(Ad/AAV)嵌合载体母体中,3代Ad载体及AAV载体所具有的优势和存在的缺点.阐述Ad/AAV嵌合载体的制备方法、生产工艺,以及其在稳定转染造血干细胞、Duchenne型肌营养不良症(DMD)的基因治疗和人内啡肽基因的表达研究等方面的最新研究进展.同时指出,Ad/AAV嵌合载体是近年发展起来的嵌合病毒载体,它融合了Ad和AAV两种常用的病毒载体的优点,理论上接近理想临床应用的载体,但还需要通过大量的,特别是动物体内的应用研究去检验其优越性,以满足临床治疗需要.     

福尔马林致痛对大鼠DRG神经元CCK表达的影响

胆囊收缩素(CCK)是一种脑肠肽,在中枢和外周神经系统广泛分布.CCK参与许多重要生理和病理生理过程,包括行为学、焦虑、学习、记忆过程、疼痛等,为探讨CCK是否参与初级感觉信息的调制,本实验运用免疫组织化学技术,观察了福尔马林致痛后对大鼠背根神经节(DRG)神经元CCK表达的影响.研究结果表明,大鼠足底注射福尔马林1h后,注射侧DRG小神经元和大、中神经元CCK表达阳性率分别为60.37%±6.92%和26.96%±4.01%,注射侧CCK表达阳性细胞的半定量光密度均值是0.236±0.012,与生理盐水组相比均显著增加,差异均有显著性.非注射侧DRG小神经元和大、中神经元CCK表达阳性率分别为25.22%±5.08%和11.73%±2.73%,非注射侧CCK表达阳性细胞的半定量光密度均值是0.173±0.002,与生理盐水组相比均无明显改变.福尔马林致痛后大鼠DRG神经元CCK表达阳性率和半定量光密度均值均增加,表明CCK在DRG和脊髓水平参与了痛觉信息传递的调制.     

新型肌肉高效亲和AAV血清型的开发

通过在AAV5衣壳的N573后插入一个寡肽PGPSPAD生成了一种改良的AAV血清型,称为AAVc1,它在体外和体内均表现出比AAV5、AAV8和AAV9更好的肌肉感染性;恒河猴血清中针对AAVc1的中和抗体（Neutralizing antibodies,Nabs）滴度低于AAV9,这表明针对AAVc1的中和抗体的免疫应答低于AAV9。结果表明,新型血清型AAVc1应用到AAV基因治疗中优于野生型AAV血清型。     

组织胺对大鼠DRG神经元ATP-激活电流的抑制作用

目的:探讨组织胺对大鼠DRG神经元ATP-激活电流的调制作用.方法:采用全细胞膜片钳技术,在新鲜分离的大鼠背根神经节细胞上进行.结果:实验观察到组织胺在DRG神经元可引起内向电流,并有明显的浓度依赖性.在被检测的DRG神经元中,85%(30/35)的细胞对ATP敏感,可引起一浓度依赖性的去敏感的内向电流.预加10-8、10-7、10-6、10-5、10-4mol/L组织胺后,对ATP-激活电流的抑制分别是:(12.50±3.2%(n=5)、(24.49±3.5%(n=5)、(35.18±4.5%(n=6)、(32.62±5.8%(n=8)、(23.53±4.2%(n=5),呈浓度依赖性.结论:组织胺对大鼠DRG神经元ATP-激活电流有明显的抑制作用.     

nNOS参与阻断5-HT_(2A)受体导致的炎症大鼠痛觉低敏

通过建立大鼠足底角叉菜胶炎症模型,在致炎1 h于炎症部位注射酮色林或其溶剂DMSO,或在18 h于炎症局部注射5-HT或其溶剂生理盐水,致炎24 h灌流取脊髓和DRG,免疫组化法显示脊髓背角和DRG中nNOS的表达.结果显示酮色林组DRG中的中、小nNOS阳性神经元百分数显著少于DMSO组,脊髓中阳性神经元数也显著少于DMSO组;而5-HT组脊髓中nNOS阳性神经元数显著高于生理盐水组,说明nNOS参与了阻断5-HT2A受体导致的炎症大鼠痛觉低敏.     

解析中脑导水管周围灰质的全脑输入网络

借助狂犬病毒与伪狂犬病毒逆向示踪工具解析中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)在全脑范围内的单级与多级输入网络,基于Vglut2-ire-Cre转基因小鼠,利用逆向腺相关病毒工具绘制PAG的谷氨酸能神经元输入网络,发现下丘脑腹内侧核(VMH)区域的谷氨酸能神经元对PAG有大量投射.为进一步研究投射到PAG的VMH中谷氨酸能神经元的单级上游输入网络,首先验证了携带CaMKⅡα启动子的AAV病毒能够特异性地在VMH区域的谷氨酸能神经元表达,将辅助病毒AAV-CamKⅡα-Cre、AAV-Ef1α-dio-RVG以及AAV-Ef1α-dio-His-eGFP-2a-TVA混合注射于VMH,并在PAG注射RV-ΔG-EnvA-dsRed,实现了VMH-PAG投射特异性的谷氨酸能神经元输入网络的标记.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统建立成体心肌细胞特异性Oga基因敲除小鼠模型

目的 利用腺相关病毒9(AAV9)介导的CRISPR/Cas9系统构建成体心肌细胞特异性Oga基因敲除小鼠模型,来研究内源性OGA在成体心脏稳态维持中的功能。方法 首先,筛选靶向Oga编码区的有效sgRNA,构建包装表达有效sgRNA的AAV9病毒。其次,建立心肌细胞特异性SpCas9表达小鼠(α-MHC^Cas9),并通过腹腔注射方式将AAV9-sgOga注射到小鼠体内。通过qPCR和Western blot印记杂交实验检测Oga的表达情况,确定Oga敲除是否成功。最后,通过组织学分析心脏结构,以及超声心动图分析心脏功能,来分析Oga对心脏稳态维持的影响。结果 筛选到2条可以有效靶向Oga编码区的sgRNA,通过AAV9递送实现了Oga基因在心脏组织的有效敲除,且导致O-GlcNAcylation表达显著上升;组织学分析和超声心动图分析发现基因敲除小鼠心脏结构及功能在基础水平与对照小鼠无显著变化。结论 利用AAV9介导的CRISPR/Cas9系统成功建立了成体心肌细胞Oga基因敲除的小鼠模型,为研究OGA介导的O-GlcNAcylation清除在心脏稳态维持中的功...     

重组腺相关病毒基因药物三种滴度的比较与分析

采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)、实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(Q-PCR)和转导方法对重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)的衣壳滴度、基因组滴度、转导滴度进行定量,并比较衣壳滴度/基因组滴度(P/GC)和基因组滴度/转导滴度(GC/TU).实验结果表明:3批rAAV的平均衣壳滴度为3.65×10¹³ P·mL^-1,平均基因组滴度为8.67×10¹¹ GC·mL^-1,平均转导滴度为9.85×10⁹ TU·mL^-1,P/GC平均值为41.70,GC/TU平均值为88.20,P/GC和GC/TU平均值接近于AAV2标准品,说明文中方法的制备工艺成熟、稳定,制备的rAAV感染活性较高.     

小鼠白细胞介素-10表达载体的构建及其在N9细胞中的表达

白细胞介素10(interleukin 10,IL-10)是免疫系统最重要的抗炎症细胞因子之一,具有神经保护作用。为了探究IL-10发挥神经免疫的抗炎作用,该文首先采用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术从小鼠脾脏组织总RNA中扩增出该基因的全序列cDNA;再以腺相关病毒(AAV)为载体,构建了带有高亮度增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)报告基因的真核表达载体AAV-IL10-EGFP,观察了其在小胶质细胞系N9细胞中的表达状况;最后采用实时荧光定量(QT-PCR)的方法,检测AAV-IL10-EGFP在N9细胞中的抗炎作用。     

脊髓背根神经节切除模型——周围神经趋化性再生定量研究模型的建立

为了建立脊髓背根神经节（dorsal root ganglion,DRG）切除模型,选择性地使感觉神经纤维溃变而保持运动神经纤维的正常功能,从而为周围神经趋化性再生的定量评价提供有效的研究方法。将雄性SD大鼠20只,随机分为两组,每组10只动物。大体解剖组：解剖大鼠坐骨神经的神经根组成及DRG的位置。DRG切除组：切除支配大鼠坐骨神经的每个神经根的DRG。观察大鼠DRG切除后步态变化及足部溃疡情况。切除后3周,取双侧坐骨神经、胫神经、腓神经及腓肠神经行髓鞘染色,观察各神经中感觉神经纤维溃变情况;行美兰复红染色,计算机图像分析,运动神经纤维计数。发现大鼠坐骨神经由L4、L5、L6神经干组成,DRG位于腹、背侧根汇合处近心端1mm处。DRG切除术后,大鼠步态失去协调性,但展趾宽度无明显改变。DRG切除后3周,髓鞘染色显示腓肠神经中有髓神经纤维髓鞘完全溃变,坐骨神经、胫神经、腓神经中部分有髓神经纤维发生溃变。美兰复红染色、计算机图像分析计数显示坐骨神经及三个主要分支内,有髓运动神经纤维分别占其总数的58．4％、54．6％、45．4％、0。说明DRG切除模型,可以有效区分感觉和运动神经纤维,能够较好地定量评价周围神经趋化性再生的效果。通过比较不同桥接材料和不同修复方法的错接率,从而定量评价各修复材料和方法的趋化性再生效果。     

大鼠背根神经节神经元的分离方法及电生理特征探讨

在获取大鼠背根神经节神经元后,全细胞膜片钳技术记录动作电位和钠电流,探讨大鼠背根神经节细胞的分离方法和细胞形态以及电生理特征.结果显示,本实验能得到完整圆形或椭圆长条形的大鼠背根神经节体.正常的单个背根神经节神经元呈圆形或椭圆形,大小不等,胞膜清晰,折光性好,隐约可见细胞核.在背根神经节细胞上记录的动作电位呈正立锐角三角形,静息电位小,动作电位时程短.背根神经节神经元的钠通道最大电流密度为(-62.04±4.45)pA/pF,几乎能被河豚毒素(TTX)完全抑制.本实验分离方法简单易行,背根神经节神经元容易获得和辨认,电生理特征明确,适用于神经系统疾病的电生理特征研究和治疗药物观察.     

Monoclonal antibodies against carbohydrate differentiation antigens identify subsets of primary sensory neurones

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones transmit cutaneous sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord. Within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, classes of sensory fibres that are activated by different cutaneous stimuli terminate in separate and highly restricted laminae. Although the developmental events resulting in the laminar organization of sensory afferent terminals have not been defined, it is likely that interactions between surface molecules on DRG and dorsal horn neurones are involved in the generation of afferent synaptic connections. The identification of surface antigens that distinguish functional subclasses of DRG neurones would represent a first step in establishing the existence and nature of such molecules. We report here that monoclonal antibodies directed against carbohydrate differentiation antigens identify cytoplasmic and cell surface molecules expressed selectively by functional subsets of DRG neurons.     

Inhibition of nociceptors by TRPV1-mediated entry of impermeant sodium channel blockers

Most local anaesthetics used clinically are relatively hydrophobic molecules that gain access to their blocking site on the sodium channel by diffusing into or through the cell membrane. These anaesthetics block sodium channels and thereby the excitability of all neurons, not just sensory neurons. We tested the possibility of selectively blocking the excitability of primary sensory nociceptor (pain-sensing) neurons by introducing the charged, membrane-impermeant lidocaine derivative QX-314 through the pore of the noxious-heat-sensitive TRPV1 channel. Here we show that charged sodium-channel blockers can be targeted into nociceptors by the application of TRPV1 agonists to produce a pain-specific local anaesthesia. QX-314 applied externally had no effect on the activity of sodium channels in small sensory neurons when applied alone, but when applied in the presence of the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, QX-314 blocked sodium channels and inhibited excitability. Inhibition by co-applied QX-314 and capsaicin was restricted to neurons expressing TRPV1. Injection of QX-314 together with capsaicin into rat hindpaws produced a long-lasting (more than 2 h) increase in mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds. Long-lasting decreases in pain sensitivity were also seen with regional injection of QX-314 and capsaicin near the sciatic nerve; however, in contrast to the effect of lidocaine, the application of QX-314 and capsaicin together was not accompanied by motor or tactile deficits.     

Feedback from rhodopsin controls rhodopsin exclusion in Drosophila photoreceptors

Sensory systems with high discriminatory power use neurons that express only one of several alternative sensory receptor proteins. This exclusive receptor gene expression restricts the sensitivity spectrum of neurons and is coordinated with the choice of their synaptic targets. However, little is known about how it is maintained throughout the life of a neuron. Here we show that the green-light sensing receptor rhodopsin 6 (Rh6) acts to exclude an alternative blue-sensitive rhodopsin 5 (Rh5) from a subset of Drosophila R8 photoreceptor neurons. Loss of Rh6 leads to a gradual expansion of Rh5 expression into all R8 photoreceptors of the ageing adult retina. The Rh6 feedback signal results in repression of the rh5 promoter and can be mimicked by other Drosophila rhodopsins; it is partly dependent on activation of rhodopsin by light, and relies on G(αq) activity, but not on the subsequent steps of the phototransduction cascade. Our observations reveal a thus far unappreciated spectral plasticity of R8 photoreceptors, and identify rhodopsin feedback as an exclusion mechanism.     

Dual innervation of spinal ganglion neurons on perineum and bladder

Experiments were performed on 13 Wister rats. Fastblus (FB) was injected into subcutaneous tissue in perineum area and nuclear yellow (NY) was injected into subserous lamina of the bladder wall, respectively. FB, NY and FB+ NY were mostly found in the spinal ganglions of L6, S1 ans S2 segments. The numbers of FB, NY and FB+ NY labeled cells were 146, 186 and 81, in a total of 463 labeled cells and their proportion was 40%. 51% and 9%, respectively. The result indicates that the spinal ganglion neurons dually innervate both the somatic and visceral tissues, and the convergence of somato-visceral sensory pathways might occur in the spinal ganglion cells.     

A subpopulation of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones is catecholaminergic

The neurotransmitters used by the sensory neurones of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are unknown. A proportion of these cells contain physiologically active peptides; for example, subpopulations of small-diameter neurones contain substance P or somatostatin. Although these peptides probably have some influence on synaptic transmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, their status as neurotransmitters is uncertain and it is possible that they coexist with conventional neurotransmitters. In addition, the neurones containing identified peptides account for only a fraction of the DRG sensory neurones. There is evidence that the DRG contain catecholamines within fibres thought to be autonomic, but these substances have not been found within the sensory cell bodies themselves. Moreover, the apparently inappropriate, inhibitory physiological effect of catecholamines in the dorsal horn has argued against their being primary sensory neurotransmitter molecules. We have used here antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; EC 1.14.16.2) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH; EC 1.14.17.1), two enzymes specific to catecholaminergic cells, to show that a subpopulation of rat DRG neurones is catecholaminergic and that the neurotransmitter they make is probably dopamine. We believe this to be the first report of catecholaminergic sensory neurones.     

The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold

Sensory nerve fibres can detect changes in temperature over a remarkably wide range, a process that has been proposed to involve direct activation of thermosensitive excitatory transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. One such channel--TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) or cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1)--is activated by chemical cooling agents (such as menthol) or when ambient temperatures drop below approximately 26 degrees C, suggesting that it mediates the detection of cold thermal stimuli by primary afferent sensory neurons. However, some studies have questioned the contribution of TRPM8 to cold detection or proposed that other excitatory or inhibitory channels are more critical to this sensory modality in vivo. Here we show that cultured sensory neurons and intact sensory nerve fibres from TRPM8-deficient mice exhibit profoundly diminished responses to cold. These animals also show clear behavioural deficits in their ability to discriminate between cold and warm surfaces, or to respond to evaporative cooling. At the same time, TRPM8 mutant mice are not completely insensitive to cold as they avoid contact with surfaces below 10 degrees C, albeit with reduced efficiency. Thus, our findings demonstrate an essential and predominant role for TRPM8 in thermosensation over a wide range of cold temperatures, validating the hypothesis that TRP channels are the principal sensors of thermal stimuli in the peripheral nervous system.     

Behavioural report of single neuron stimulation in somatosensory cortex

Understanding how neural activity in sensory cortices relates to perception is a central theme of neuroscience. Action potentials of sensory cortical neurons can be strongly correlated to properties of sensory stimuli and reflect the subjective judgements of an individual about stimuli. Microstimulation experiments have established a direct link from sensory activity to behaviour, suggesting that small neuronal populations can influence sensory decisions. However, microstimulation does not allow identification and quantification of the stimulated cellular elements. The sensory impact of individual cortical neurons therefore remains unknown. Here we show that stimulation of single neurons in somatosensory cortex affects behavioural responses in a detection task. We trained rats to respond to microstimulation of barrel cortex at low current intensities. We then initiated short trains of action potentials in single neurons by juxtacellular stimulation. Animals responded significantly more often in single-cell stimulation trials than in catch trials without stimulation. Stimulation effects varied greatly between cells, and on average in 5% of trials a response was induced. Whereas stimulation of putative excitatory neurons led to weak biases towards responding, stimulation of putative inhibitory neurons led to more variable and stronger sensory effects. Reaction times for single-cell stimulation were long and variable. Our results demonstrate that single neuron activity can cause a change in the animal's detection behaviour, suggesting a much sparser cortical code for sensations than previously anticipated.