Mizolastine（MIZ）对趾叶炎小鼠趾部组织VEGF表达的影响

用组织化学和免疫组化的染色方法对趾叶炎发生过程中正常组、造模组和低、中、高剂量治疗组小鼠趾部组织血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达水平、血管数量和肥大细胞及其脱颗粒的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,造模组小鼠在免疫后14d,VEGF表达均达到一个峰值,而后表达开始减弱,21d后表达开始增强,均极显著高于同一时相的正常组（P〈0.01）.低、中、高剂量治疗组的VEGF表达均极显著低于同一时相造模组,其中,低剂量治疗组同一时相均极显著高于正常组（P〈0.01）,中剂量治疗组除免疫后前3个时相显著外（P〈0.05）,免疫后35d与正常组不显著（P〉0.05）,高剂量治疗组除免疫后14d显著外（P〈0.05）,其余各时相均与正常组不显著（P〉0.05）,治疗各组小鼠的VEGF表达水平随药物浓度的增大和免疫时间的延长而逐渐减弱;真皮内出现了许多增生的小动脉,管壁增厚,管腔内有血栓形成,且血管形成与肥大细胞及其脱颗粒的变化均与VEGF的表达趋势相吻合.Mizo-lastine（MIZ）可以显著抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒、VEGF的表达和血管形成.     

小鼠急性缺氧后颈部淋巴结内肥大细胞的变化

应用组织化学染色法对缺氧组、对照组,以及雌激素预处理缺氧组小鼠颈部淋巴结内肥大细胞的数量、活性、分布范型及组化性质进行了研究．结果表明,缺氧组小鼠的肥犬细胞和脱颗粒数目均极显著高于同期对照组和雌激素预处理缺氧组小鼠（P〈0．01）;雌激素预处理缺氧组小鼠的肥大细胞和脱颗粒数极显著低于同期缺氧组小鼠（P〈0．01）．而极显著高于同期对照组小鼠（P〈0．01）．且在急性缺氧5h时肥大细胞数出现一个峰值,在缺氧8h后恢复常压9h再缺氧3h时,肥大细胞脱颗粒数最显著．AB-S染色显示,随着缺氧时间的延长,淋巴结内几乎全部为黏膜肥大细胞．由此表明,肥大细胞参与急性缺氧过程的免疫调节,雌激素对免疫损伤起到保护作用．     

肥大细胞在炎症中的形态变化及其作用

肥大细胞（ｍａｓｔｃｅｌｌ，ＭＧ）在炎症反应中起着重要作用。本文就肥大细胞在炎症过程中脱颗粒释放其生物活性物质的因素与机理及其形态变化和炎症介质的致炎作用作一简要综述。１肥大细胞脱颗粒的因素和机理肥大细胞释放出其特有的颗粒及其所含的生物活性物质的过程称为脱颗粒。能够引起肥大细胞脱颗粒的因素分可选择性因素和非选择性因素两类。选择性因素中有一部分物质（如致敏的抗原抗体复合物，碱性多肽等）是直接作用于肥大细胞的膜上，使肥大细胞内ｃＡＭＰ下降而引起脱颗粒，另一部分物质（如变应原，Ａ蛋白等）则主要作用于肥…     

奶牛乳腺炎与P物质和肥大细胞的相关性研究

应用组织学、组织化学和免疫组织化学方法对奶牛不同病变时期乳腺不同部位的肥大细胞的数量、活力以及P物质表达水平的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,乳腺炎乳腺组织中大量的炎性细胞浸染小叶间质、腺泡及腺上皮细胞间、腺泡腔内、乳导管及血管内壁与周围,并随着病程延长,乳腺不同部位的炎性细胞急剧增多,并呈上升趋势,与正常乳腺比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,其中,乳基部（乳腺炎3个月）最高,其和乳体部与乳头部比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;腺泡结构渐进紊乱,小叶内血管内膜突起出现裂隙;乳腺不同部位的黏膜肥大细胞及其脱颗粒变化和P物质的表达水平均与炎性细胞浸染变化相吻合,且P物质神经纤维与肥大细胞相关联.P物质和肥大细胞参与奶牛乳腺炎的病理进程.     

血管内皮生长因子在大鼠乳腺炎中的作用

应用组织化学方法及免疫组化技术对正常组和急性攻毒组大鼠乳腺组织血管内皮生长因子（Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor,VEGF）的表达水平、肥大细胞的活力和炎性细胞的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,急性攻毒后6 h乳腺组织VEGF在腺泡间、小叶间质、血管周围及部分肥大细胞内的表达出现一个峰值,而后表达开始减弱,攻毒48 h后表达又迅速增强;攻毒组大鼠的肥大细胞及其脱颗粒和炎性细胞随着攻毒时间的延长急剧增多,均极显著高于正常组（P〈0.01）,且其变化趋势均与VEGF表达趋势相吻合;同时,小叶间质内的小血管内皮细胞开始出现裂隙、脱落损伤.由此表明,VEGF和肥大细胞参与大鼠乳腺炎的发病过程.     

石杉碱甲对急性炎症小鼠室旁核和脑干c-Fos和GFAP表达的影响

目的:探讨石杉碱甲对急性炎症小鼠下丘脑室旁核和脑干神经元c-Fos和星形胶质细胞(astrocytes,AST)胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(glial fiberillany acidic protein,GFAP)表达的影响.方法:①采用蛋清致小鼠足趾肿胀模型,检测致炎后30min,1h,2h的小鼠足容积并计算肿胀度;②免疫组化技术检测孤束核、迷走背核及室旁核神经元c-Fos及星形胶质细胞GFAP的表达.结果:①与生理盐水组比较,不同浓度的石杉碱甲均可明显抑制蛋清致小鼠足肿胀(P0.05或P0.01).②与对照组相比,致炎组小鼠孤束核和室旁核内Fos免疫阳性神经元(Fos-immunoreactive neurons,Fos-IR)及GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞(GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes,GFAP-IR)数目均明显增多(P0.01),而迷走背核增加不显著(P0.05).与致炎组相比,石杉碱甲给药组孤束核、迷走背核及室旁核内Fos-IR神经元及GFAP-IR星形胶质细胞数目均明显增多(P0.01).结论:石杉碱甲对蛋清致小鼠足肿胀有明显的抗炎作用;石杉碱甲能够显著增强急性炎症小鼠孤束核、迷走背核及室旁核内神经元和星形胶质细胞的活动.     

小鼠急性缺氧后肺内肥大细胞的变化

应用组织化学方法对对照组小鼠、缺氧组小鼠以及雌激素预处理缺氧组小鼠肺内肥大细胞的数量、活性、分布范型及组化性质进行了研究.结果表明,缺氧组小鼠随缺氧时间的延长,肺小动脉内皮细胞损伤加重,损伤后再给氧,内皮细胞损伤程度更严重;同时伴有肥大细胞和脱颗粒的急剧增多,均极显著高于同期对照组小鼠（P〈0.01）.雌激素预处理缺氧组小鼠随缺氧时间的延长,肺小动脉内皮细胞的损伤程度较缺氧组小鼠轻;肥大细胞和脱颗粒均极显著低于同期缺氧组小鼠（P〈0.01）.由此说明,肥大细胞可能在急性缺氧造成的肺损伤过程中起着重要作用,肥大细胞膜稳定剂（雌激素）对肺损伤可能起保护作用.     

大叶胡枝子根皮提取物抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的探讨大叶胡枝子根皮提取物灌胃给药的抗炎镇痛作用。方法采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀2种急性炎症模型以及大鼠棉球肉芽肿慢性炎症模型,研究大叶胡枝子根皮提取物灌胃给药对急慢性炎症的作用。采用热板法和醋酸扭体法致痛,研究大叶胡枝子根皮提取物灌胃给药的镇痛作用。结果与模型组相比,大叶胡枝子根皮水提物和醇提物高、中、低剂量组显著抑制二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀(P 0.01),明显抑制蛋清所致大鼠足跖肿胀(P 0.01),明显抑制大鼠棉球肉芽肿(P 0.01)。大叶胡枝子根皮水提物和醇提物高、中、低剂量组给药后明显提高热板所致小鼠的痛阈值,与模型组和自身给药前比较差异显著(P 0.05、0.01);大叶胡枝子根皮水提物和醇提物高、中、低剂量组明显减少醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应次数,与模型组比较差异显著(P 0.05、0.01)。大叶胡枝子根皮水提物的抗炎镇痛作用强于醇提物(P 0.05、0.01)。结论大叶胡枝子根皮提取物灌胃给药具有一定抗炎、镇痛作用,且其水提物强于醇提物。     

石杉碱甲对急性炎症小鼠室旁核和脑干c-Fos和GFAP表达的影响

目的:探讨石杉碱甲对急性炎症小鼠下丘脑室旁核和脑干神经元c-Fos和星形胶质细胞(astrocytes,AST)胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(glial fiberillany acidic protein,GFAP)表达的影响.方法:①采用蛋清致小鼠足趾肿胀模型,检测致炎后30min,1h,2h的小鼠足容积并计算肿胀度;②免疫组化技术检测孤束核、迷走背核及室旁核神经元c-Fos及星形胶质细胞GFAP的表达.结果:①与生理盐水组比较,不同浓度的石杉碱甲均可明显抑制蛋清致小鼠足肿胀(P<0.05或P<0.01).②与对照组相比,致炎组小鼠孤束核和室旁核内Fos免疫阳性神经元(Fos-immunoreactive neurons,Fos-IR)及GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞(GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes,GFAP-IR)数目均明显增多(P<0.01),而迷走背核增加不显著(P>0.05).与致炎组相比,石杉碱甲给药组孤束核、迷走背核及室旁核内Fos-IR神经元及GFAP-IR星形胶质细胞数目均明显增多(P<0.01).结论:石杉碱甲对蛋清致小鼠足肿胀有明显的抗炎作用;石杉碱甲能够显著增强急性炎症小鼠孤束核、迷走背核及室旁核内神经元和星形胶质细胞的活动.     

叶下花水煎剂抗炎镇痛作用的初探

目的初步探讨叶下花水煎剂的抗炎镇痛作用。方法采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀炎症模型,观察叶下花水煎剂灌胃给药对急性炎症的作用。采用热板法和醋酸扭体法致痛,观察叶下花水煎剂灌胃给药的镇痛作用。结果与模型组相比,叶下花水煎剂高、中、低剂量(6.0、3.0、1.5 g生药/kg)组对二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀具显著抑制作用(P 0.01)。叶下花水煎剂高、中、低剂量(6.0、3.0、1.5 g生药/kg)组给药后明显延长热板所致小鼠的痛阈值,与模型组和自身给药前比较差异极显著(P 0.01);叶下花水煎剂高、中、低剂量(6.0、3.0、1.5 g生药/kg)组明显减少醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应次数,与模型组比较差异极显著(P 0.01)。结论叶下花水煎剂灌胃给药均具有抗炎、镇痛作用。     

P物质在临床型乳腺炎奶牛肝组织中的表达及意义

应用组织化学和免疫组织化学方法对正常与临床型乳腺炎奶牛肝组织中P物质的表达水平、炎性细胞以及肥大细胞的数量、活力、组化性质的变化进行了研究．结果表明，P物质在临床型乳腺炎奶牛肝组织的肝血窦、肝小叶间质、中央静脉、小叶闻动脉和静脉周围并常丰富，呈单根或多交错成网走行，表达增强．临床型乳腺炎奶牛肝组织的肥大细胞和炎性细胞也急剧增多，均极显著高于正常奶牛（P〈0．01），并与P物质的表达水平相吻合．同时，肝细胞索结构出现紊乱，肝小血管的内皮细胞出现脱落．由此表明，P物质参与临床型乳腺炎病理过程中所致肝组织损伤的病理进程．     

抗过敏中草药活性成分的药效评价

肥大细胞受到抗原刺激后释放组胺是过敏反应的重要过程,对组胺释放的抑制能力是评价抗过敏药物的重要因素.选取多种传统中医记载具有抗过敏作用的中草药,检测了其在体外对肥大细胞脱颗粒并释放组胺的抑制效果.在具有明显效果的中草药中,土茯苓与芍药对于抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒最为突出, IC50分别为62.5μg/mL和113.8μg/mL.土茯苓的突出药效(药物浓度为500μg/mL时抑制率达到95.63;)未曾被报道,具有研究与开发价值.对其机理的初步研究表明蛋白激酶A可能是土茯苓抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒的重要靶点.     

Histamine regulates T-cell and antibody responses by differential expression of H1 and H2 receptors

Many pathological processes, including those causing allergies and autoimmune diseases, are associated with the presence of specialized subsets of T helper cells (TH1 and TH2) at the site of inflammation. The diversity of TH1 and TH2 function is not predetermined but depends on signals that drive the cells towards either subset. Histamine, released from effector cells (mast cells and basophils) during inflammatory reactions can influence immune response. Here we report that histamine enhances TH1-type responses by triggering the histamine receptor type 1 (H1R), whereas both TH1- and TH2-type responses are negatively regulated by H2R through the activation of different biochemical intracellular signals. In mice, deletion of H1R results in suppression of interferon (IFN)-gamma and dominant secretion of TH2 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13). Mutant mice lacking H2R showed upregulation of both TH1 and TH2 cytokines. Relevant to T-cell cytokine profiles, mice lacking H1R displayed increased specific antibody response with increased immunoglobulin-epsilon (IgE) and IgG1, IgG2b and IgG3 compared with mice lacking H2R. These findings account for an important regulatory mechanism in the control of inflammatory functions through effector-cell-derived histamine.     

Production of the haemopoietic growth factors GM-CSF and interleukin-3 by mast cells in response to IgE receptor-mediated activation

Mast cells have a central role in allergic diseases mediated by specific immunoglobulin E antibody responses to allergens. The binding of IgE to the high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon R) on mast cells and basophils enables these cells to react specifically to allergens. Such contact leads to the activation of mast cells and the release of histamine and other pharmacological mediators, causing an immediate hypersensitivity and acute inflammatory reactions, accompanied by the development of allergic symptoms. Here we show that Fc epsilon R-mediated activation of murine mast cells results in the production of the haemopoietic growth factors granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3). IL-3 and GM-CSF, in addition to their role in bone marrow haemopoiesis, also influence inflammation as they have the capacity to recruit, prime and activate inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils. Secretion of these factors by mast cells in response to allergens may therefore have an important role in local tissue defense.     

新疆骆驼刺植物抗过敏作用的研究

目的：研究新疆骆驼刺提取物的抗过敏作用及其机制。方法：抗过敏动物模型实验法及大鼠嗜碱性白血病细胞株RBL-2H3活化脱颗粒,ELISA酶联免疫法测试组胺过敏活性介质浓度。结果：骆驼刺提取物对致敏豚鼠离体回肠收缩有显著性拮抗作用,对RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒释放组胺有显著性抑制作用,作用效果与色甘酸钠组相近。结论：骆驼刺的抗过敏作用机制可能是通过抑制MC细胞内活化信号的传导,从而抑制MC释放炎症介质,达到抗过敏作用效果。     

IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells does not require opening of ion channels

Rat peritoneal mast cells respond to antigenic stimulation by releasing histamine through exocytosis. The dynamics of exocytosis can be investigated by dialysing single cells with patch pipettes using the whole-cell recording configuration of the patch-clamp technique. However, dialysed cells fail to respond to external stimuli such as compound 48/80 or antigens, suggesting that essential cytoplasmic components have been washed out. We have developed a new patch-clamp configuration in which the patch under the pipette tip is not disrupted but instead permeabilized, preventing the diffusion of large molecules out of the cell. In this configuration the cell responds to external stimulation, and the capacitance as well as the conductance of the cell membrane can be recorded during degranulation. On antigenic stimulation, the cell capacitance (proportional to plasma membrane area), after an initial delay, increases by a factor of about 3. This increase in capacitance is often preceded by a transient increase in conductance. Agents that block Ca-activated channels inhibit this conductance change without affecting the amplitude and time course of degranulation. We therefore conclude that, in contrast to excitable secretory cells such as chromaffin cells, mast cells do not use ion channels in stimulus-secretion coupling.     

A model of calcium signaling and degranulation dynamics induced by laser irradiation in mast cells

Recent experiments show that calcium signaling and degranulation dynamics induced by low power laser irradiation in mast cells must rely on extracellular Ca^2＋ influx. An analytical expression of Ca^2＋ flux through TRPV4 cation channel in response to interaction of laser photon energy and extracellular Ca^2＋ is deduced, and a model characterizing dynamics of calcium signaling and degranulation activated by laser irradiation in mast cells is established. The model indicates that the characteristics of calcium signaling and degranulation dynamics are determined by interaction between laser photon energy and Ca^2＋ influx. Extracellular Ca^2＋ concentration is so high that even small photon energy can activate mast cells, thus avoiding the possible injury caused by laser irradiation with shorter wavelengths. The model predicts that there exists a narrow parameter domain of photon energy and extracellular Ca^2＋ concentration of which results in cytosolic Ca^2＋ limit cycle oscillations, and shows that PKC activity is in direct proportion to the frequency of Ca^2＋ oscillations. With the model it is found that sustained and stable maximum plateau of cytosolic Ca^2＋ concentration can get optimal degranulation rate. Furthermore, the idea of introducing the realistic physical energy into model is applicable to modeling other physical signal transduction systems.