高岭石与片钠铝石成因联系的岩石学证据:以松辽盆地南部含片钠铝石砂岩为例

松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷乾安地区青山口组和华字井阶地孤店地区泉头组四段含片钠铝石砂岩中次生黏土矿物分布广泛,其中自生高岭石最为常见。以松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷-华字井阶地50余口钻井资料为基础,选择其中23个含片钠铝石砂岩样品进行普通薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、茜素红-S染色薄片观察和X-射线衍射分析。对片钠铝石与高岭石之间的关系进行了详细研究表明:在含片钠铝石砂岩中高岭石与片钠铝石的含量互为消长,并且在扫描电镜下可观察到高岭石溶解并被片钠铝石交代的现象。将这些岩石学的证据与国外热力学及地球化学实验成果总结归纳,进一步肯定了高岭石在碱性、富CO2流体环境中化学性质不稳定,并最终向片钠铝石转化。     

高岭石与片钠铝石成因联系的岩石学证据：

松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷乾安地区青山口组和华字井阶地孤店地区泉头组四段含片钠铝石砂岩中次生黏土矿物分布广泛,其中自生高岭石最为常见。本文以松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷－华字井阶地50余口钻井资料为基础,选择其中23个含片钠铝石砂岩样品进行普通薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、茜素红-S染色薄片观察和X-射线衍射分析。对片钠铝石与高岭石之间的关系进行了详细研究表明：在含片钠铝石砂岩中高岭石与片钠铝石的含量互为消长,并且在扫描电镜下可观察到高岭石溶解并被片钠铝石交代的现象。将这些岩石学的证据与国外热力学及地球化学实验成果总结归纳,进一步肯定了高岭石在碱性、富CO2流体环境中化学性质不稳定,并最终向片钠铝石转化。     

南马庄油田沙三段储层特征

南马庄油田的产层为下第三系沙三段，储集砂体为浪控三角洲和湖滨滩坝相．储集岩性以细粒长石砂岩和粗粉砂岩为主．主要自生矿物为碳酸盐和高岭石、伊利石、伊－蒙混层、绿泥石等粘土矿物．还有少量自生石英和长石矿物．储集孔隙以次生粒间孔隙为主，其形成机制与有机质的热演化有关．储层物性虽好，但存在明显的层内、层间和平面非均质性．油层分布受岩性和构造的双重控制．     

松辽盆地南部含片钠铝石砂岩储层岩石学特征及成因

 针对松辽盆地南部白垩系含片钠铝石砂岩储层,应用岩石学及同位素地球化学的原理和方法,对含片钠铝石砂岩储层的岩石类型、成岩共生序列和片钠铝石的产状及成因进行系统研究。研究结果显示,含片钠铝石砂岩储层的岩石类型以长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,成岩共生序列依次为黏土矿物包壳-次生加大长石-次生加大石英、自生微晶石英、自生高岭石-方解石-油气充注-CO₂ 充注-片钠铝石-铁白云石。松辽盆地南部片钠铝石的δ¹³C_PDB 为-0.342%~0.329%,δ¹⁸O_PDB 变化范围为-1.922%~-0.954%,与已证实形成于无机CO₂背景、且同岩浆活动有成因联系的片钠铝石极为相近;而与片钠铝石平衡的CO₂气的碳同位素值为-0.992%~-0.423%,与松辽盆地南部CO₂气藏中CO₂的碳同位素一致,说明松辽盆地南部片钠铝石与气藏中的CO₂具有相同的碳来源,均为幔源-岩浆成因。     

东营凹陷南斜坡东部地区沙四段储层成岩作用研究

东营凹陷南斜坡东部地区沙四段储层岩性主要有砂砾岩、砾状砂岩、砂岩和粉砂岩,砂岩类型以岩屑长石砂岩为主,长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩次之.成岩矿物类型主要有粘土矿物、石英、长石、碳酸盐、黄铁矿等,其中粘土矿物有高岭石、伊利石、绿泥石、伊-蒙混层.储层成岩演化阶段处于晚成岩A1亚期,油气注入时间为7.5～25 Ma前.砂岩储层成岩相划分为三种类型:压实成岩相、碳酸盐胶结成岩相和不稳定碎屑溶蚀成岩相.储层性质明显地受到成岩相的控制,水下辫状河道砂体是油气储集的主要场所.     

甘谷驿油田长6油层储层成岩作用及其对储层物性的影响

甘谷驿油田长6油层为湖泊三角洲平原分流河道砂体及三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝砂体．砂岩以中细粒长石砂岩为主，主要成岩矿物有绿泥石环边、方解石胶结物、长石和石英加大生长、伊利石、伊一蒙混层、钠长石和高岭石等．在成岩过程中，强烈的压实作用及胶结作用导致原生孔隙丧失殆尽，是储层成为特低渗透率的主要原因；而晚期的溶蚀作用，特别是方解石、浊沸石的溶解，使得储层的孔隙度和渗透率有所改善，这才使得鄂尔多斯盆地长6层发育部分“甜点”储层，成为有利的储集相带．     

兴安矿深部软岩的扫描电镜-X射线能谱分析

为了探讨鹤岗兴安矿深部软岩水理特性和塑性变形原因,分别在埋深500和740 m的不同岩性特征处,选取5个试样,采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪,对该矿深部软岩矿物成分与微观结构进行实验分析。结果表明:兴安矿深部软岩中主要矿物成分为石英、长石、方解石及黏土矿物,各别试样中含有菱铁矿和金红石。黏土矿物的主要成分为伊/蒙(I/S)混层、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石等。I/S混层中蒙脱石的类型有钠蒙脱石和钙蒙脱石。碎屑矿物中有石英加大、方解石溶蚀、长石淋滤、菱铁矿解理发育等现象。黏土矿物I/S混层主要呈片架结构、蜂窝结构和絮状结构,高岭石呈书本状结构,伊利石与绿泥石呈片架结构。     

东营凹陷古近系深部碎屑岩储层中的黏土矿物

通过钻井岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射、岩心物性分析等手段对东营凹陷古近系深部碎屑岩储层中的黏土矿物和储层物性进行研究.结果表明:研究区古近系深部碎屑岩储层黏土矿物以伊利石和伊/蒙混层为主,绿泥石次之,高岭石含量比较低;净砂岩中的黏土矿物主要由长石和岩屑溶解形成,储层物性表现为高孔高渗,杂砂岩中的黏土矿物主要是沉积黏土矿物及其转化产物,易损害储层物性;黏土矿物含量小于15%的储层勘探方向是寻找与油气充注匹配的次生孔隙,黏土矿物含量大于15%的储层勘探方向是寻找裂缝发育带及裂缝发育带附近的淋滤带.     

柴达木盆地北缘下侏罗统储集岩成岩作用及其对孔隙演化的影响

柴达木盆地北缘下侏罗统储集岩主要是由长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩组成,主要的成岩作用有压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用、交代作用和重结晶作用,它们对孔隙的发育影响很大.压实作用和碳酸盐的胶结作用使原生孔隙大大减少.长石的溶蚀作用改善了孔隙的发育.蒙皂石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊蒙混层含量均在较大范围内变化,与深度的关系不明显.成岩作用进入晚成岩作用末期.一些储集岩经历了表生成岩作用.     

致密砂岩储层黏土矿物特征及敏感性分析—以鄂尔多斯盆地吴起油田寨子河地区长6油层为例

致密砂岩储层孔喉结构复杂、比表面积大,岩石颗粒表面附着大量的黏土矿物,容易受到外来流体的影响,发生颗粒膨胀、迁移、离子沉淀等反应伤害储层,从而影响生产效率。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地吴起油田寨子河地区延长组6段油层为例,通过岩石薄片观察、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪(X-RD)实验、压汞实验和储层敏感性实验等方法,对研究区储层物性、孔喉结构、黏土矿物特征和储层敏感性类型、伤害程度及敏感性影响因素进行分析。岩心分析实验表明,储层黏土矿物由绿泥石、高岭石、伊利石和伊蒙混层4种矿物组成,影响储层渗透性的敏感性伤害强弱依次为酸敏、水敏、碱敏、盐敏和速敏。并结合实际生产中存在的问题,提出绿泥石富集区域尽量避免储层酸化等改造措施;对伊利石及伊蒙混层含量高、易水敏的地区,压裂改造过程需要提高压裂液砂比,减小压裂液量,从而降低储层损害。     

Age and genesis of the Shagou River terraces in eastern Qilian Mountains

The fluvial terrace sequence in eastern Qilian Mountains is a record of periodic uplift events of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on paleomagnetic dating, thermolumines-cence dating, radio carbon dating and loess-paleosol sequence on terraces, we preliminarily determine the ages of five major terraces of the Shagou River, northern side of the Qilian Mountains. The ages of five terraces were about 830, 418, 250,140 and 10 ka, respectively. Analysis on characteristics of terraces show that five major terraces were mainly tectonic genesis. Therefore, five major terraces recorded five strong rising events in the Qilian Mountains during the past 830 ka. The ages of those rising events are about the same as those terraces formation. Sub-terraces, constituting a main terrace, were perhaps mainly formed by climatic changes.     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin, China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

Surveying of the deformed terraces and crust shortening rate in the northwestern Tarim Basin

Relief surveying and chronology study were carried out on the deformed river terraces across the Artushi anticline belt in the northwestern Tarim Basin. The crust shortening rate of this anticline belt since late Pleistocene was calculated to be up to 5—6 mm/a. The total crust shortening rate from the northwestern Tarim Basin to southwestern Tianshan since late Pleistocene was estimated to be over 10 mm/a.     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin,China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

Paragenesia of Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains

A study has been made of the paragenetic relations of the pediments and river terraces on the northern piedmont of Wutai Mountains via geomorphologic mapping of 1:10000 scale, and an analysis on the role of tectonic, climatic, and drainage factors in the parageneses. The Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains united to constitute six steps of geomorphic surfaces. The episodic uplifting of fault blocks was the dominant factor in the formation of the unified surfaces, however climatic change and drainage diversities led to undulation of the surfaces. The second terrace of Yangyan River (T2) was formed in the last glacial maximum, when the river was in aggradational state. The third to fifth terraces were formed in interglacial stages, when the river was in equilibrium or degradational state. It is inferred that climate had no insignificant effect on the river incision caused by tectonic uplifting. In light of terraces dating, since the Quaternary the Wutai fault-block mountains experienced six rapid uplifting events, and the starting time of the last four events was respectively 1.2, 0.6, 0.13, and 0.02 Ma B.P.     

西昆仑叶尔羌河流域河流阶地的类型及沉积特征

探讨西昆仑叶尔羌河流域河流阶地的类型及沉积物特征,为进一步研究西昆仑第四纪以来的隆升历史和对新构造运动的沉积响应提供依据。从新疆叶城县南叶尔羌河流域3条河流阶地剖面的实测数据入手,以各级阶地孢粉样品的分析为主要方法。结果表明叶尔羌河流域发育的河流阶地主要为基座阶地和堆积阶地。孢粉的主要类型在各级阶地发育过程中没有发生大的变化,表明构造作用在阶地发育过程中占主导。     

Surveying of the deformed terraces and crust shortening rate in the northwestern Tarim Basin: Comment

The paper of Shen et al., entitled "Surveying of the deformed terraces and crust shortening rate in the northwest Tarim Basin", was published in Chinese Science Bulletin (Vol. 46, No. 12)[1]. Shen et al. found the deformation of Late Pleistocene to Holocene terraces of the Boguzi River across the Artushi Anticline in the northwest Tarim Basin close to the Pamir, and made level survey and differential GPS measurement, which is of great importance to geodynamics for research on the coupling of Tianshan Mountains uplifting and Tarim Basin depression. But their understanding to the deformation mechanics of terraces and the calculation methods of crustal shortening are open to discussion. Therefore, we discuss it with Shen Jun et al.     

Thickness of calcium carbonate coats on stones of the Heishanxia terraces of the Yellow River and dating of coarse clastic sedimentary geomorphic surfaces

The calcium carbonate coats on stones developed in soil on the geomorphic surfaces of coarse clastic sediments in arid-semiarid regions contain evident information of age. The thickness of coats can be used not only as a good age indicator for the geomorphic surfaces but also coats themselves can be directly used as dating materials in the ESR method. Through measuring the thickness of carbonate coats on stones in soils on the alluvial terraces in the mouth of the Heishanxia gorge of the Yellow River and ESR dating of layers separated from the carbonate coats, the average of accumulation rates of the thickness of carbonate coats on stones since 1.57 Ma was calculated to be 0.10 mm/ka in the studied area, and a regression equation between carbonate coat thickness and age was also generated. From these research results, ages of T2-T11 terraces of the Yellow River in the studied area were systematically determined, and their values are in turn 18 ka, 94 ka, 139 ka, 215 ka, 305 ka, 410 ka, 495 ka, 742 ka, 1072 ka and 1570 ka. The reliability of all these age data is confirmed by the obtained 14C, OSL ages (T2, T3 and T4) and ESR ages of neighbor terraces, and they are completely consistent with the geological epochs estimated by geological and geomorphologic comparison and analysis.     

中国食用菌栽培技术研究及其发展前景

总结中国食用菌栽培技术在菌种选育、栽培料选用和栽培模式等方面取得的研究进展,探讨中国食用菌栽培技术的改良及其发展前景,认为中国食用菌栽培技术的研究和推广,要以绿色食用菌的标准化为基本原则,紧跟市场发展需求,走经济效益与生态环境保护相结合的可持续发展道路。     

2020年中国垃圾分类背景下厨余垃圾处理热点回眸

随着中国垃圾分类工作不断推进,厨余垃圾的分类收集及其处理处置凸显出诸多问题.梳理了中国垃圾分类政策的推行现状、厨余垃圾的产生和处理情况,重点回顾了厌氧消化、堆肥、生物干化、腐生生物养殖和物理预处理等几项关键的厨余垃圾处理技术在2020年取得的研究进展,整合了技术研究热点和相关工程案例,为中国厨余垃圾处理技术的进一步研发...