新型催化剂C302-2作用下的三相床甲醇合成过程Ⅲ.本征反应动力学

在等温积分反应器中,压力2．5～5．6MPa,温度210～255℃,空速6000～20000h^-1的实验条件下,对西南化工研究院研制的新型低温低压甲醇合成催化剂C302—2的CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的本征动力学进行了研究。用改进的单纯形法和改进的高斯-牛顿法相结合对所采用的Langmuir—Hinshelwood型动力学模型进行参数估值,得到本征动力学方程。残差分析和统计检验结果表明,得到的本征动力学模型是适定的,可良好地适合于反应条件。实验结果可以为采用细颗粒催化剂的三相淤浆床甲醇合成反应器设计提供本征动力学数据。     

8 MPa下C307催化剂上甲醇合成反应的本征动力学

在等温积分反应器中研究了操作条件对甲醇合成反应的影响以及C307催化剂上甲醇合成反应的本征动力学.实验采用粒度为0.154～0.198 mm的细颗粒催化剂.实验压力为8MPa,空速5 500～11 000 h-1,反应温度200~260℃.实验结果表明:总碳转化率在实验温度范围内随温度的升高先增加后降低,245℃左右达到最大值,随压力的升高而增加.选取以各组分逸度表示的CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的Langmuir-Hinshelwood双速率本征动力学模型,用全局通用算法结合马夸特算法确定动力学模型参数.残差分析和统计检验表明,动力学模型是适宜的.     

甲醇合成催化剂XNC-98的宏观动力学

在无梯度反应器中研究了四川西南化工研究院研制的新型低温高活性甲醇合成催化剂XNC-98的宏观动力学。实验采用的催化剂为 5mm×5mm圆柱型催化剂。使用了幂函数宏观动力学模型。并用改进的高斯-牛顿法确定动力学模型参数,同时进行了残差分析和统计检验。结果表明,所得到动力学模型与实验数据吻合良好,可以为气固相甲醇合成反应器设计以及反应器数学模型提供理论依据。     

NC306铜基催化剂上甲醇合成的本征动力学研究

采用微型等温积分反应器,在5 MPa、225~271℃,原料气中CO、CO2和H2的摩尔分数分别为5.13%~14.23%、0.56~9.20%和61.96%~77.48%的条件下,对国产NC306型低压铜基甲醇合成催化剂的本征动力学特性进行了实验研究.基于CO和CO2竞争加氢双路线合成甲醇反应模式,以Simplex-Powell复合优化法和Merson迭代法对动力学实验数据进行搜索、选优,建立了NC306型低压铜基甲醇合成催化剂的L-H-H-W型动力学模型.统计检验结果表明,所建模型良好地吻合了实验数据,是适宜和可信的.     

三相床甲醇合成过程II.C302催化剂甲醇反应本征动力学

研究了 C30 2型铜基催化剂上由 CO、CO2 与 H2 合成 CH3OH的本征反应动力学。为使本征动力学模型能应用于三相床甲醇合成过程 ,实验所用原料气中 CO浓度较高 ,范围为 y CO=0 .0 8～ 0 .2 6 ,压力和温度均在合成甲醇工业操作的范围内。选用双速率的 Langmuir- Hinshelwood方程来描述系统的本征反应速率 ,该模型的计算值与实验结果相吻合。     

三相床甲醇合成过程Ⅱ.C302催化剂甲醇反应本征动力学

研究了Ｃ３０２型铜基催化剂上由ＣＯ、ＣＯ２与Ｈ２合成ＣＨ３ＯＨ的本征反应动力学。为使本征动力学模型能应用于三相床甲醇合成过程,实验所用原料气中ＣＯ浓度较高,范围为ｙｃｏ＝０．０８～０．２６,压力和温度均在合成甲醇工业操作的范围内。选用双速率的Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－ｈｉｎｓｈｅｌｗｏｏｄ方程来描述系统的本征反应速率,该模型的计算值与实验结果相吻合。     

C302催化剂上甲醇合成反应宏观动力学

在内循环无梯度反应器中测定了低压甲醇合成反应宏观动力学。实验采用５ｍ ｍ ×５ｍ ｍ 圆柱状颗粒催化剂,实验压力５ＭＰａ,反应温度２１５～２６０ °Ｃ。以双曲型动力学方程建立了以各组分逸度表示的ＣＯ、ＣＯ２ 加氢合成甲醇的双速率宏观动力学模型,并用改进高斯－牛顿法根据实验数据获得了动力学模型中的参数。残差分析和统计检验表明,动力学模型是适定的。宏观反应动力学方程成功应用于上海焦化总厂年产２０ 万吨大型甲醇合成反应器的模拟放大。     

C3O2催化剂上甲醇合成反应宏观动力学

在内循环无梯度反应器中测定了低压甲醇合成反应宏观动力学.实验采用5mm×5mm圆柱状颗粒催化剂,实验压力5MPa,反应温度215～260°C.以双曲型动力学方程建立了以各组分逸度表示的CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的双速率宏观动力学模型,并用改进高斯-牛顿法根据实验数据获得了动力学模型中的参数.残差分析和统计检验表明,动力学模型是适定的.宏观反应动力学方程成功应用于上海焦化总厂年产20万吨大型甲醇合成反应器的模拟放大.     

CO和CO2同时加氢合成甲醇反应本征动力学

在4.5MPa，工业反应温度和一定原料气组成范围内，在新型CQ201催化剂上用直流流动等温积分反应器研究了CO和CO2同时加氢合成甲醇反应本征动力学。通过对动力学模型统计检验，模型在所研究的压力，温度和一定组分浓度范围内均是适用的。模型（B）较模型（A）合理。     

新型甲醇合成催化剂的宏观动力学

验证了内循环无梯度反应器在气体流量80～130 mL/h、转速600～1 400 r/min时能很好体现无梯度的性能,并采用O.154～0.198 mm的国产新型甲醇合成催化剂NC309,在反应温度190～250℃,反应压力5～8 MPa,体积空速4 000 h^-1的条件下对其宏观动力学进行研究。选择Langmuir-Hinshelwood型动力学方程建立了以各组分逸度表示的CO、CO₂加氢合成甲醇的宏观动力学模型,用合理有效的参数估值方法得到了宏观动力学模型参数。宏观动力学模型得到的CO和CO₂加氢反应的活化能均小于NC309本征动力学模型得到的活化能。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that