美军“多域战”的实质及启示

 在多域战场进行作战是美军未来发展的重点,"多域战"概念正式列入美陆军条令,折射出美陆军乃至美军联合作战思想的重大转变。这是继"空海一体战"之后,美军新近推出的用于对付"反介入/区域拒止"战略的新概念,最终目标是全面联合各军种,实现全空间域内的同步协调与联动。综述了美军"多域战"的概念、目标和手段,分析了其战略启示。     

Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions

The unique properties of water in the supercooled (metastable) state are not fully understood. In particular, the effects of solutes and mechanical pressure on the kinetics of the liquid-to-solid phase transition of supercooled water and aqueous solutions to ice have remained unresolved. Here we show from experimental data that the homogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled aqueous solutions is independent of the nature of the solute, but depends only on the water activity of the solution--that is, the ratio between the water vapour pressures of the solution and of pure water under the same conditions. In addition, we show that the presence of solutes and the application of pressure have a very similar effect on ice nucleation. We present a thermodynamic theory for homogeneous ice nucleation, which expresses the nucleation rate coefficient as a function of water activity and pressure. Recent observations from clouds containing ice are in good agreement with our theory and our results should help to overcome one of the main weaknesses of numerical models of the atmosphere, the formulation of cloud processes.     

冰核细菌应用研究

自1974年，Maki首次报道了冰核细菌（INA细菌）以来，生物冰核现象引起了多个学科研究者的广泛兴趣。研究证明，细菌冰核是自然界活性最强的冰核物质（－1～－5℃），已成为一种重要的生物资源，被应用到人工造雪制冰、海水淡化、食品冷藏保鲜和冷冻浓缩、促冻希虫、高效检测、报告基因和细菌细胞表面展示等领域。本文主要对冰核细菌在这些方面的应用作以综述。     

Molecular dynamics simulation of the ice nucleation and growth process leading to water freezing

Upon cooling, water freezes to ice. This familiar phase transition occurs widely in nature, yet unlike the freezing of simple liquids, it has never been successfully simulated on a computer. The difficulty lies with the fact that hydrogen bonding between individual water molecules yields a disordered three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network whose rugged and complex global potential energy surface permits a large number of possible network configurations. As a result, it is very challenging to reproduce the freezing of 'real' water into a solid with a unique crystalline structure. For systems with a limited number of possible disordered hydrogen-bond network structures, such as confined water, it is relatively easy to locate a pathway from a liquid state to a crystalline structure. For pure and spatially unconfined water, however, molecular dynamics simulations of freezing are severely hampered by the large number of possible network configurations that exist. Here we present a molecular dynamics trajectory that captures the molecular processes involved in the freezing of pure water. We find that ice nucleation occurs once a sufficient number of relatively long-lived hydrogen bonds develop spontaneously at the same location to form a fairly compact initial nucleus. The initial nucleus then slowly changes shape and size until it reaches a stage that allows rapid expansion, resulting in crystallization of the entire system.     

Water exchange between the subglacial Lake Vostok and the overlying ice sheet

It has now been known for several years that a 200-km-long lake, called Lake Vostok, lies beneath the ice sheet on which sits Vostok Station in Antarctica. The conditions at the base of the ice sheet above this subglacial lake can provide information about the environment within the lake, including the likelihood that it supports life. Here we present an analysis of the ice-sheet structure from airborne 60-MHz radar studies, which indicates that distinct zones of basal ice loss and accretion occur at the ice-water interface. Subglacial melting and net ice loss occur in the north of the lake and across its 200-km-long western margin, whereas about 150 m of ice is gained by subglacial freezing in the south. This indicates that significant quantities of water are exchanged between the base of the ice sheet and the lake waters, which will enrich the lake with gas hydrates, cause sediment deposition and encourage circulation of the lake water.     

冬季覆盖海冰条件下海冰消融过程水盐变化分析

众多国家和地区对非常规水源利用一直给予研究和重视。冬季海冰覆盖条件下,融水质量变化特征不同于常规灌溉,研究和掌握其规律对咸水冰资源综合利用十分重要。利用冬季室外冰柱、土柱实验,以实时监测海冰消融全过程为手段,深入分析冬季覆冰条件下海冰融水水量及总盐动态变化。实验结果表明:融水量最大值出现在下午15时左右;覆盖海冰条件下,海冰消融入渗过程分为集中排盐、深度脱盐、淡水入渗三个阶段。实验结果可为冬季覆冰或咸水结冰灌溉提供技术参考。     

Construction of ice nucleation active <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enterobacter cloacae</Emphasis> for control of insect pests

Ice nucleation active(INA)bacteria are the most potent heterogeneous ice nuclei in nature,which have become an important biological resource for diverse applications.Many researches have proved that INA bacteria can raise the supercooling points(SCPs)of insect pests,then reduce their cold hardiness.However,INA bacteria‘s inefficient colonization on the surface or in the guts of insects,and the high incidence of frost injury induced by their release hampered the application of INA bacteria in controlling insect pests in agricultural fields.In this study,we constructed a recombinant plasmid mob-Tn5-iceA with the ability of broad-host-range conjugal mobilization and integration of the ina gene of icaA into chromosomal DNA of many gram-negative bacteria by Tn5 transposition.In addition,Ent.cloacae strains stably carrying iceA and expressing high ice nucleation activity(INA),even in the absence of antibiotic pressure,were constructed through conjugal mobilization and Tn5 transposition.Ent,cloacae strains have benn reported to be able to efficently colonize in the guts of insects,but have weak plant epiphytic ability.Therefore,these transgenic Ent.Cloacae may be promising candidates for control of insect pests in agricultural fields.