快速分析阿片中的吗啡

采用大口径毛细管气相色谱法,以正二十四烷为内标,定量测定了阿片中吗啡的含量,回收率为91．3％－94．5％,相对标准偏差均小于2．5％,该方法分析速度快,定量准确,重现性好．     

海上救助报酬中的特殊补偿

回顾对特殊补偿制度出现的背景,对特殊补偿的含义和应用进行了分析,将特殊补偿制度同SCOPIC条款、共同海损等进行对比,列举特殊补偿制度的新发展和趋势,给出完善中国特殊补偿制度立法的建议。     

胶质细胞在吗啡耐受中的作用

随着对神经系统研究的不断深入，胶质细胞越来越受到人们的重视。本文就胶质细胞在吗啡中的作用作一综述，主要包括胶质细胞的激活，细胞内的信号转导及分泌的细胞因子三个方面。     

论"上赏赏德"的现代意义

“上赏赏德”，意为最高的赏赐是奖赏人的德行。我国历来崇尚道德，重视德育。面对我国社会转型期出现的道德失范，展望未来，我们必须强化“上赏赏德”的理念。“上赏赏德”具有重大的现实意义。     

Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex

The orbital part of prefrontal cortex appears to be crucially involved in the motivational control of goal-directed behaviour. Patients with lesions of orbitofrontal cortex show impairments in making decisions about the expected outcome of actions. Monkeys with orbitofrontal lesions respond abnormally to changes in reward expectations and show altered reward preferences. As rewards constitute basic goals of behaviour, we investigated here how neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex of monkeys process information about liquid and food rewards in a typical frontal task, spatial delayed responding. The activity of orbitofrontal neurons increases in response to reward-predicting signals, during the expectation of rewards, and after the receipt of rewards. Neurons discriminate between different rewards, mainly irrespective of the spatial and visual features of reward-predicting stimuli and behavioural reactions. Most reward discriminations reflect the animals' relative preference among the available rewards, as expressed by their choice behaviour, rather than physical reward properties. Thus, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex appear to process the motivational value of rewarding outcomes of voluntary action.     

美施康定对癌症疼痛的镇痛效果

本组５４例重度癌痛晚期病人,给予口服美施康定３０～９０ｍｇ每１２ｈ一次治疗,有效率达９６３％（５２／５４）,完全缓解率达８７％（４７／５４）,主要副作用为便秘、恶心、呕吐、嗜睡等     

吗啡分子印迹聚合物整体柱的合成及固相萃取测定血中吗啡的研究

通过对实验条件进行优化选择,确定以吗啡为模板分子,α-甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,偶氮异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,乙二醇双甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,通过自组装法制备合成了吗啡分子印迹整体柱并研究了聚合物的吸附性和选择性,用合成的聚合物作为固相萃取材料来提取血中的吗啡,经衍生化气相色谱分析结果表明血中吗啡的提取率为69.8%,检出限0.067μg/mL,适合实际发生案件的检测分析。     

A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking

The lateral hypothalamus is a brain region historically implicated in reward and motivation, but the identity of the neurotransmitters involved are unknown. The orexins (or hypocretins) are neuropeptides recently identified as neurotransmitters in lateral hypothalamus neurons. Although knockout and transgenic overexpression studies have implicated orexin neurons in arousal and sleep, these cells also project to reward-associated brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. This indicates a possible role for these neurons in reward function and motivation, consistent with previous studies implicating these neurons in feeding. Here we show that activation of lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons is strongly linked to preferences for cues associated with drug and food reward. In addition, we show that chemical activation of lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons reinstates an extinguished drug-seeking behaviour. This reinstatement effect was completely blocked by prior administration of an orexin A antagonist. Moreover, administration of the orexin A peptide directly into the ventral tegmental area also reinstated drug-seeking. These data reveal a new role for lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons in reward-seeking, drug relapse and addiction.     

力邦欣定减少吗啡术后硬膜外镇痛的恶心呕吐

选择 6 0例硬膜外麻下行腹部及下肢手术的患者 ,随机分为A、B 2组 ,A组为对照组 ,B组在A组镇痛液的基础上加入力邦欣定 ,观察患者术后镇痛VAS评分、嗜睡、恶心、呕吐的发生情况 .结果表明 :VAS评分 2组在各阶段比较无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;恶心、呕吐 :B组与A组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) .力邦欣定能有效地减少硬膜外吗啡镇痛治疗中恶心、呕吐的发生率 .     

牛肾上腺髓质8-22肽增强吗啡的抗伤害作用

采用甩尾反射实验研究椎管内注射感觉神经元特异性受体的激动剂牛肾上腺髓质8-22肽(bovine adrenal medulla 8-22,BAM8-22)对吗啡抗伤害作用的影响.结果表明,BAM8-22本身并不能改变伤害性热刺激引起的甩尾反射潜伏期,但与吗啡混合使用时,能明显增强吗啡的抗伤害作用.0.1,1,10 nmol BAM8-22与0.3 μg 吗啡混合进行椎管内注射,能剂量依赖地增强吗啡的抗伤害作用.0.1 nmol BAM8-22分别与0.2,1,5 μg吗啡混合进行椎管内注射后,吗啡的抗伤害作用分别为35.1%,61.8%,72.7%,明显高于吗啡对照组的13.0%,30.7%,52.8%(P＜0.01).本研究表明,BAM8-22能增强吗啡的抗伤害作用,暗示感觉神经元特异性受体(SNSR)参与调制阿片受体的抗伤害过程.     

Environmental biology: heat reward for insect pollinators

In neotropical forests, adults of many large scarab beetle species spend most of their time inside the floral chambers of heat-producing flowers, where they feed and mate throughout the night and rest during the following day, before briefly flying to another flower. Here we measure floral temperatures in Philodendron solimoesense (Araceae) in French Guiana and the respiration rates of Cyclocephala colasi beetles at floral and ambient temperatures, and show that the the beetles' extra energy requirements for activity are 2.0-4.8 times greater outside the flower than inside it. This finding indicates that heat produced by the flower constitutes an important energy reward to pollinators, allowing them to feed and mate at a fraction of the energy cost that would be required outside the flower.     

有酬更新过程及其一个应用

本文研究了消费者在购买产品(如家电)时,长期平均费用的多少.利用更新理论,更新回报定理获得了消费者长期平均费用模型.通过对模型的分析,得到了影响消费者长期平均费用的因素.为使该费用达到最少,进而提出了解决方案。     

Retrospective and prospective coding for predicted reward in the sensory thalamus

Reward is important for shaping goal-directed behaviour. After stimulus-reward associative learning, an organism can assess the motivational value of the incoming stimuli on the basis of past experience (retrospective processing), and predict forthcoming rewarding events (prospective processing). The traditional role of the sensory thalamus is to relay current sensory information to cortex. Here we find that non-primary thalamic neurons respond to reward-related events in two ways. The early, phasic responses occurred shortly after the onset of the stimuli and depended on the sensory modality. Their magnitudes resisted extinction and correlated with the learning experience. The late responses gradually increased during the cue and delay periods, and peaked just before delivery of the reward. These responses were independent of sensory modality and were modulated by the value and timing of the reward. These observations provide new evidence that single thalamic neurons can code for the acquired significance of sensory stimuli in the early responses (retrospective coding) and predict upcoming reward value in the late responses (prospective coding).     

氟哌啶醇与阈下剂量吗啡合用对小鼠成瘾性的研究

目的：观察氟哌啶醇与阈下剂量吗啡合用对小鼠成瘾性的影响。方法：自然戒断试验。结果：吗啡与氟哌啶醇配伍组元一发生竖尾和自发惊厥。结论：吗啡与氟哌啶醇合用,在产生明显协同镇痛作用的同时,致成瘾性却比等效剂量吗啡低得多。