塔斯基的真理论与符合论

塔斯基的语义真理论常被当作符合论.通过区分塔斯基式真定义的普遍特征和具体的定义形式,并对不同语言构造具有不同语义特征的定义实例,揭示出塔斯基所持的是一种语义工具论.塔斯基的真理论并不是符合论.     

还原模型与功能主义——兼评金在权的还原的物理主义

首先对内格尔的经典还原模型和金在权的功能还原模型做了比较,并指出,内格尔模型是在认识论或方法论的层面提出的,而金在权模型是在实践论或本体论的层面提出的;因此,这两个还原模型不是对立的,而是互补的。接着深入到个别事件的内部结构,对金在权的局部还原理论做出分析和评价,并指出其困境和出路。在金在权的三元有序组的事件结构的基础上提出四元有序组的事件结构,据此对功能意义和功能结构作出区分,进一步揭示了功能整体与其实现者之间的随附性关系。最后强调功能实在论的本体论立场,并借助实体-偶性和原因-结果这两对先验范畴对功能实在论和随附性概念给以形而上学的说明和辩护。     

项目评价系统的结构:模型与分析

从系统理论的视角,构建了一个项目评价系统的结构模型,为解释项目评价效果为什么不理想的深层原因提供了一个分析框架,也为改善项目评价的效果提供了可行的路径指引。模型的结构-功能分析分析表明,项目评价系统是一个复杂系统,项目评价主体、项目评价标准和方法、项目评价结果与项目实施主体等要素之间存在复杂的反馈回路。评价主体与项目实施主体之间的相互作用状态对项目评价系统的功能具有决定性影响。如果评价系统中存在项目实施主体对评价主体的作用,那么该系统一般存在劣性正反馈,影响评价效果。为了保证评价主体的独立性,评价主体与项目实施主体和评价客体之间不应存在利益关联。     

光学辐射计量术语规范化的进展

文章介绍了光学辐射计量的对象与任务,概述了国际的和国内的光辐射计量术语标准化的进展,以及该术语推广过程中面临的挑战。重点讨论了国家计量技术规范JJF1032-2005《光学辐射计量术语及定义》的一些命名原则,最后描述了编制技术规范的路线图。     

氯加氢化学反应中玻恩-奥本海默近似的适用性

玻恩-奥本海默近似是量子化学以及化学动力学理论研究的重要基石之一,它对于化学反应过程中的动力学非常重要。但是在Cl＋H2反应中该近似的适用性一直以来备受争议。本研究利用高灵敏度的交叉分子束实验,对Cl／／Cl^＊＋H2反应进行了交叉分子束反应散射的实验研究。实验结果表明激发态Cl‘原子的反应性在低碰撞能下与基态的C1原子的反应性相当,说明玻恩-奥本海默近似在低能时的适用性存在问题。但是,随着碰撞能量的增加,相对于基态C1原子,Cl^＊原子与H2的反应快速下降,这表明在Cl＋H2这一反应中玻恩-奥本海默近似在高碰撞能时是适用的。这一结果得到精确动力学理论研究的证实,而且解决了一个长期有争议的重要科学问题。     

Evolution of Cognition: Towards the Theory of Origin of Human Logic

The main problem discussed in this paper is: “Why and how did animal cognition abilities arise?” It is argued that investigations of the evolution of animal cognition abilities are very important from an epistemological point of view. A new direction for interdisciplinary researches – the creation and development of the theory of human logic origin – is proposed. The approaches to the origination of such a theory (mathematical models of ``intelligent invention'' of biological evolution, the cybernetic schemes of evolutionary progress and purposeful adaptive behavior) as well as potential interdisciplinary links of the theory are described and analyzed.     

Function approximation for incompletely specified regression models

This report extends earlier work by Brailovsky on regression theory and methodology, giving particular emphasis to function approximation for incompletely specified models. The interest here is with situations where the form of the regression relation is not known in advance. We discuss several difficulties that arise in using local approximation and linear regression methods, and propose ways to overcome these problems. To aid the data analyst in developing a suitable model, an illustrative table is derived for determining the number of initial explanatory functions justifiable for a given prespecified confidence level. The general approach formulated here is illustrated with an application to medical data. Relevance to classification and possible extensions are discussed.     

科技发明权与屠呦呦青蒿素发现争端的化解

科技发明权之争是科学史上司空见惯的现象,也是当今世界科技舞台上屡见不鲜的事情。因此,亟待从理论上为科技发明权的评判提供一个公正合理而切实可行的评判标准。本文尝试提出符合系统论整体性原则的科技评判标准,能在现实的科技发明权评判中发挥其积极作用,尤其能为解决纷繁复杂的科技发明权争端提供有益的启示。根据科技发明权总体性的评判标准,屠呦呦无可争议地享有青蒿素的发明权。因此,本文希望为当前青蒿素发明权之争画上一个句号。     

次协调型科学哲学解读——从逻辑的观点看

在劳丹之后,科学哲学似乎沉闷了一段时间,但现在终于出现了一种新的尝试,一种新型的科学哲学。从次协调逻辑的视角来解读,作为科学哲学中心问题的合理性、进步、真理三者统一于协调。科学的直接目标是增强理论的协调力,间接目标是真理。科学是在理论与理论之间的冲突与协调运用中发展的。冲突是科学进步的动力,没有冲突就没有进步。进步在于理论协调力的不断增强。合理性在于协调性,协调是进步的理想状态,是间接逼近真理的手段。一个理论被称为真理,是因为它具有较大的协调力。因此,合理性标准、理论进步标准、真理标准三者实际上可以统一于一个标准,即协调力标准。这就是次协调逻辑的哲学精神,也是协调合理性模式的精髓或本质。     

Gordon Pask's Conversation Theory: A Domain Independent Constructivist Model of Human Knowing

Although it is conceded (as argued by many)that distinct knowledge domains do presentparticular problems of coming to know, in thispaper it is argued that it is possible (anduseful) to construct a domain independent modelof the processes of coming to know, one inwhich observers share understandings and do soin agreed ways. The model in question is partof the conversation theory (CT) of Gordon Pask. CT, as a theory of theory construction andcommunication, has particular relevance forfoundational issues in science and scienceeducation. CT explicitly propounds a ``radicalconstructivist' (RC) epistemology. A briefaccount is given of the main tenets of RC andCT's place in that tradition and the traditionsof cybernetics. The paper presents a briefnon-technical account of the main concepts ofCT including elaborations by Laurillard andHarri-Augstein and Thomas. As part of CT, Pask also elaborated a methodology – knowledgeand task analysis – for analysing the structureof different knowledge domains; thismethodology is sketched in outline.     

协同与回归:自然化认识论研究纲领的重建

自然化认识论转换命题的出现,是由于奎因替代命题的失败,于20世纪七八十年代而出现的一种解决策略。文章详细分析了转换命题存在的问题,指出转换命题无法完全实现认识论自然化的任务。根据现代认知科学的发展,认识论的研究必须采取从描述向规范的回归与协同,才能为认识论的发展开辟一个有希望的领域。     

经济学假说检验的逻辑--科学认识论维度

经济学假说的检验一直是困扰经济学的问题之一,也一直是经济学方法论研究的重要课题,本文在对经济理论检验的历史考察的基础上,结合逻辑学的研究成果,试图从科学认识论维度为这种检验困境的解脱寻求一条可能路径,即语境分析或情境分析.     

梅森素数漫谈

梅森素数是一种特殊的素数,它是数论研究的一项重要内容,也是当今科学研究的热点与难点之一。自从这一素数提出之后,尤其是在GIMPS项目的帮助下,梅森素数的探究取得了重大进展。文章就有关梅森素数的研究情况做一简要的介绍。     

梅森素数漫谈

梅森素数是一种特殊的素数,它是数论研究的一项重要内容,也是当今科学研究的热点与难点之一。自从这一素数提出之后,尤其是在GIMPS项目的帮助下,梅森素数的探究取得了重大进展。文章就有关梅森素数的研究情况做一简要的介绍。     

数理科学国家杰出青年科学基金项目评估与分析

本文依据2002--2006年资助的国家杰出青年科学基金完成和执行效果的评估材料，分析了数理科学国家杰出青年科学基金的资助情况以及专家评估的结果，总结了数理科学国家杰出青年科学基金的运行绩效特点，提出了若干需要进一步改进的问题与建议。     

Leibniz and Newton on Space

This paper reexamines the historical debate between Leibniz and Newton on the nature of space. According to the traditional reading, Leibniz (in his correspondence with Clarke) produced metaphysical arguments (relying on the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles) in favor of a relational account of space. Newton, according to the traditional account, refuted the metaphysical arguments with the help of an empirical argument based on the bucket experiment. The paper claims that Leibniz’s and Newton’s arguments cannot be understood apart from the distinct dialectics of their respective positions vis-à-vis Descartes’ theory of space and physics. Against the traditional reading, the paper argues that Leibniz and Newton are operating within a different metaphysics and different conceptions of “place,” and that their respective arguments can largely remain intact without undermining the other philosopher’s conception of space. The paper also takes up the task of clarifying the distinction between true and absolute motion, and of explaining the relativity of motion implied by Leibniz’s account. The paper finally argues that the two philosophers have different conceptions of the relation between metaphysics and science, and that Leibniz’s attempt to base physical theory on an underlying metaphysical account of forces renders his account of physics unstable.     

人力资本作用机制有效实施的路径分析

人力资本理论在客观上回答了科技进步推动下社会经济增长的源泉问题.本文从历史的角度对人力资本理论进行了研究和探讨,着重对人力资本作用机制的作用环境、人力资本的外部效应和人力资本投资进行了分析,以期探讨人力资本作用机制有效实施的路径.     

航空术语语义知识库ATHowNet的构建

语义知识库在自然语言处理的许多领域中起着重要的作用。现有的语义知识库主要面向常识知识,特定领域的语义知识库则很少。文章将知网(HowNet)的理论体系与概念表示方法扩展至航空领域,提出了一个航空领域术语语义知识库——ATHowNet,并介绍了构建过程。该知识库包含3700个概念、3959个概念关系和3864个术语。在航空术语相似度计算及词类比任务上应用与验证了ATHowNet,结果证实了其在航空领域概念语义描述及基于概念关系推理上的有效性。     

科技术语自动提取技术——现状与思考

文章简要介绍了自动术语提取任务的定义、主要方法和评价指标。针对传统的自动术语提取方法,以互信息、t值、tf-idf、C/NC-value为例介绍了单元度和术语度的概念;针对自动术语标注方法,主要介绍了基于序列标注的建模思想。从提取效果来看,现有自动术语提取技术距离期望仍有差距,文章也尝试给出了一些值得探索的方向。     

Abstraction and Insight: Building Better Conceptual Systems to Support More Effective Social Change

When creating theory to understand or implement change at the social and/or organizational level, it is generally accepted that part of the theory building process includes a process of abstraction. While the process of abstraction is well understood, it is not so well understood how abstractions “fit” together to enable the creation of better theory. Starting with a few simple ideas, this paper explores one way we work with abstractions. This exploration challenges the traditionally held importance of abstracting concepts from experience. That traditional focus has been one-sided—pushing science toward the discovery of data without the balancing process that occurs with the integration of the data. Without such balance, the sciences have been pushed toward fragmentation. Instead, in the present paper, new emphasis is placed on the relationship between abstract concepts. Specifically, this paper suggests that a better theory is one that is constructed of concepts that exist on a similar level of abstraction. Suggestions are made for quantifying this claim and using the insights to enable scholars and practitioners to create more effective theory.