查尔默斯的二维语义学理论评析

基于认知的可能性和形而上学可能性的区别,查尔默斯提出新的二维语义内涵:认知内涵和反事实内涵。目的是期望通过考虑不同的可能性空间重新阐释克里普克的后验必然命题和先验偶然命题,修复被克里普克理论割断的"金三角"联系,从而与传统的语义学理论兼容。在扼要介绍二维语义学的基础上揭示了它的两个严重缺陷:其一,继承了克里普克关于"严格指称"之必然性的错误;其二,把形而上学必然性与逻辑必然性进而与认识必然性混为一谈,导致"二维语义学"向一维语义学的蜕化。     

析克里普克解悖方案

克里普克《真理论纲要》一文批评了塔斯基的经典解悖方案,提出了解决悖论的新方案,在语义悖论乃至整个悖论研究中产生了重要影响。通过剖析克里普克解悖方案的3个核心概念——"真值间隙"、"有根性"、"固定点",有助于我们深入探讨悖论语句的特点。通过与塔斯基经典方案的比较,可以发现克里普克解悖方案在技术上和直观上的优点。     

必然,可能,偶然,风马牛

在普通逻辑思考实际中,必然既不是1元的模态词,而且,必然与恒真的真值函数之间也并无内在联系。“A必然B”的含义为:“可独立于A、B的真值确定不会是A真而B假”,其中的“可独立于A、B的真值确定”称为“第一独立性”。“A必然B”的符号表达式为“A B”,可念作“A制约B”,其中的称为“制约号”,是2元的非正统的联结号。可能就是不必然不;偶然就是不必然且可能;“A风马牛B”的含义为“把A或 H、B或 B不论是放在前域还是后域,这之间的关系都是偶然”,故而也可称为“彻底的偶然”。容易验证,从语义上说,正统一阶谓词演算中的A B(A蕴涵B)和在其它语言中用来作为逻辑工具的“若A,则B”之间的关系是风马牛。     

归谬法的“推出荒谬结果”就是推出逻辑矛盾

目前国内出版的逻辑书对归谬法所下的定义还不尽相同,但人们一般都承认归谬法总是先假定某一个判断是真的,由此推出显然荒谬的结果来,再根据充分条件假言推理的否定后件式进而否定原来的假定。那么“推出显然荒谬的结果”究竟是指什么呢?几本逻辑书在提法上似乎并不一致。我们认为,从逻辑上说,归谬法中所谓的“推出荒谬结果”就是推出逻辑矛盾。反之,如果由某假定出发推出的结果不能表现为逻辑矛盾,那么我们便没有逻辑的根据或理由断定这个结果是荒谬的,因而也就不可能逻辑必然地否定原来的假定。     

理论之源·历史之证·现实之需：“两个确立”生成逻辑的三维透视

“两个确立”是党的十九届六中全会提出的重大政治论断,是党的十八大以来取得的最重要政治成果,蕴含了科学的理论逻辑、严密的历史逻辑与明确的现实逻辑,是理论、历史和现实“三维逻辑”的整体统一。从理论逻辑看,“两个确立”是马克思主义政党理论的题中应有之义;从历史逻辑看,“两个确立”是中国共产党百年奋斗经验的必然证成;从现实逻辑看,“两个确立”是实现中华民族伟大复兴的应然抉择。从理论之源、历史之证和现实之需三个维度,全面地领会“两个确立”生成逻辑,是深刻理解其决定性意义和实践要求的根本前提。     

辩证地看待普通逻辑与辩证逻辑

逻辑演绎的有效性是理性形成的基础,全面看问题是达成和谐的保证。不管是普通逻辑还是辩证逻辑,不管是形式逻辑还是非形式逻辑都首先要求思维清晰,在此基础上,分析问题,运用策略;同时追求全面、具体的思维。问题不在于改造哪一种理论,而在于怎么样发现世界的“逻辑”。理论是一个方面,使用理论的人是另一个方面。理论有局限性,人的思维不能有太多局限性。可以只研究一种理论,但是人脑不会只被一种理论武装,思维不可能只认可一种理论。在思维训练的层面上,既需要普通逻辑的眼界和意识,也需要辩证逻辑的眼界和意识。     

文学理论的逻辑原点

建构艺学当代形态，需要从理论逻辑与实践逻辑的双重背景上，把学理论放到以它自身为研究对象的理论系统中去研究它，这就需要建立一种专门研究学理论本身的逻辑必然性与学理可能性的新学科——“学理论学”，以解答“学理论中的认识如何能够成为可能”的问题，从而为学理论的学科建构和观念更新找到其必然有效性的逻辑之“根”。董学的新《学理论学导论》系这一论题的原创之作。     

拒斥形而上学 回到同一性的实践——对实践唯物主义的反思

实践唯物主义各派的共同症结在于 :对实践概念予以了形而上学的知性注解 ,并以此作为各自理论的逻辑预设。实践不是改造世界的物质活动 ,不是认识世界的精神活动 ,不是所谓“人类总体性的存在方式” ,而只能是认识活动与改造活动“耦合”而成的“一” ,它对实践唯物主义哲学具有“视野”和“立场”的本体论意义。彰显实践的同一性对于克服实践唯物主义哲学各派的对立及其局限性 ,建立实践与人类生存困境及其终极关怀的联系 ,弄清“交往”、“主体际性”等交往实践观的某些基本问题 ,从根本上提升实践唯物主义哲学具有重要意义。     

《离骚》的可能世界——“美人香草”的模态逻辑分析

从逻辑的角度看,《离骚》具有多重真值平面,因此,“美人香草”等形象的寓意往往前后不一.按模态逻辑可能世界语义理论分析,《离骚》是一个由一系列可能世界构成的可能世界系统.诸如关于“求女”之寓意的“求君说”和“求贤说”等解释性命题,只是在《离骚》系统中的某个或某些可能世界中为真,而并非在所有的可能世界中普遍有效.诸多的可能世界在艺术上具有可及关系,但在逻辑上都无法强求一致、普遍满足,这正是《离骚》的特点和魅力所在.     

论黑格尔逻辑学“概念论”的立意

概念论是黑格尔逻辑学的旨趣和根本观点的明白确立。在本体论层面上，它旨在把终极存在归结为概念，从概念的特殊化和客观化所展开的概念和客体的关系的推演来论证概念是存在的本质和唯一全体，是现实世界必然进程的内在根据和实体性力量。消解主客的二元分裂；在认识论层面上，它旨在从概念由潜在到自为自在的发展的必然性的推演来建构世界的逻辑结构，确立概念和概念的运动所展开的主客体的辩证法为世界的终极解释的原则和模式；在价值论层面上，它旨在确立概念的辩证进展所指向的善和自由为客观世界必然进程的内在目的和理性所追求的终极价值。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that