固液两相流设计渣浆泵

本文通过固液两相流的动量方程,初步分析了固液两相流的特点,并简单介绍了应用固液两相流设计渣浆泵的有利之处。１　离心泵叶轮中固液两相流分析１．１　固液两相流的动量方程假设固相由均匀颗粒组成,忽略颗粒之间的作用力：液相作为理想流体处理。由于固液各相的速度场不同,采用两相流体模型,分别建立固液两相流体的动量方用Ｃｖ表示固液两相流体的体积浓度,则在任一体积为Ｖ的两相流体中,液相的体积为（１－Ｃｖ）Ｖ。因此液相的动量方程为：ＤＶｆＤｓ＝ｆｆ－△ＰＰｆ＋Ｆｓ（１－Ｃｖ）ρｆ（１）固相和液相在两相流场中…     

快速颗粒流本构关系在固液两相流中的适用条件初探

从固液两相流的颗粒相本构关系的推导出发,分别运用Chapman—Enskog．方法和Grad-13矩法考察了液相作用下颗粒相本构关系．结果表明当两相脉动速度无关或同相位时,快速颗粒流本构关系适用于固液两相流的颗粒相．并对低、高浓度固液两相流定性分析了具体的应用条件．     

离心泵叶轮内部固液两相流动的大涡模拟

为提高离心泵的抗磨蚀能力 ,对泵内固液两相流的流态进行深入研究。在多相紊流运动双流体模型的基础之上 ,建立了两相紊流运动的大涡模拟。利用大涡模拟 ,对离心泵叶轮内部的固液两相流动进行数值计算。计算结果得出液相压力分布和相对速度场 ,及固相的颗粒数分布和相对速度场。其中压力和颗粒的分布与同一离心泵在日本所做合作研究量测的实验结果进行比较 ,两者相互吻合     

能耗率极值原理和重力理论交互作用下粗质颗粒的浓度垂线分布

本文同时运用能耗率极值原理和重力理论研究了固液两相流在粗质颗粒时固相浓度的垂线分布,通过探讨能耗率极值原理对“非单向性”作用问题,进一步揭示了两相流运动的机理。计算结果与实测数据有较好的吻合。其研究方法、原理、步骤也极易推广到其它各种粒径的固相。     

固液两相流动和颗粒磨损研究

对固液两相流的计算模型进行了分析研究湍流和固壁对粒运动的影响，给出了颗粒磨损固壁的磨损模型，阐述尽管相流中，颗粒磨损绝对不可避免，但控制流动中流体和颗粒的运动中减轻过流表面磨损的观点。     

两相泵的汽蚀性能和吸泥高度

从固液两相流管中流动的伯努利方程,推导出固液两相流泵的汽蚀基本方程及其装置汽蚀余量和泵的汽蚀余量的理论表达式;在两相流不发生汽蚀时,推导出两相流泵的理论吸泥高度.研究结果表明随着两相流泵输送两相流中的固体颗粒体积分数φ和两相流的密度ρm增加,两相流泵的装置汽蚀余量减少,泵的汽蚀余量增加,两相流泵容易发生汽蚀破坏.     

气-液-固自然循环流化床中的流动特性和压降

建立了气-液-固冷模多管自然循环流化床蒸发器,利用CCD图像采集和处理系统,研究了固体颗粒的种类、含率和通气量等操作参数对于固体颗粒的流化和运动形态、分布以及加热管束中液-固两相流压降的影响．结果表明：通气位置对于固体颗粒在加热管柬中的分布影响较大．在上、下管箱中,固体颗粒的运动和流化形态不同．在上管箱中,固体颗粒形成中心上升、四周下降的循环运动,并且随着其密度的降低,固体颗粒在上管箱中的分布逐渐趋向均匀;在下管箱中,固体颗粒在中心轴的两侧形成两个大的旋涡,旋涡的旋转速度随着通气量的增加而增大．当气体从上管箱加入时,加热管束中液-固两相流的压降随着固体颗粒加入量和通气量的增加而增大．利用实验数据建立了加热管束中液-固两相流的压降模型,模型结果与实验数据吻合较好。     

低浓度固液两相流颗粒相本构关系的动理学分析

固液两相流的动理学理论认为固体颗粒相可用Boltzmann方程描述。从流场中的颗粒受力分析出发 ,应用动理学的 Chapman- Enskog法 ,探讨了低浓度固液两相流下的 Boltzmann方程的二阶近似解和颗粒相本构关系。结果表明 ,尽管颗粒所受相间力与两相脉动速度有关 ,但在两相脉动速度近乎无关的极限条件下 ,颗粒速度分布函数和颗粒相本构关系与快速颗粒流的相同。这样的极限条件在含粗重颗粒的两相流中可以近似实现     

泥沙颗粒直径及体积分数对高比转速离心泵的影响

基于小粒径固液两相流在高比转速离心泵内运动比较复杂的情况,以黄河含沙水为工作介质,采用改变颗粒直径和含沙水颗粒体积分数的方法,借助Mixture多相流模型扩展的标准k-ε湍流方程与simple算法,应用CFD软件对小粒径颗粒在高比转速离心泵内的流动进行数值模拟.通过内流场的速度、压力与颗粒分布,分析粒径大小对泵内固体颗粒运动的影响和进口固相初始体积分数对泵内压力和固相分布的影响,给出离心式泵叶轮的磨损特性.计算结果表明,相同的泥沙体积分数条件下,水泵的扬程随着颗粒直径的增大而下降,相同的泥沙颗粒直径条件下,水泵的扬程随着含沙水流中泥沙体积分数的增大而下降.     

制浆造纸碱回收流程中结盐机理的初步分析

结盐是制浆造纸碱回收行业中普遍存在的现象．文中给出碱回收生产原理及工艺流程，检测结盐最严重的绿液槽至消化器工作段中的绿液固相颗粒粒径大小和分布情况，并对绿液成分与管道凝结固相成分进行分析比较．得到结盐机理的初步结论：绿液的流动属于悬浮体固液两相流动；结盐是此流动中部分晶体颗粒由于絮凝、沉降以及吸附等作用的结果；结盐的程度与固液两相流的粒径大小与分布有关，且伴有化学反应，应该将两者结合起来研究．     

直接接触固液相变制冰及冰蓄冷系统的研究进展

综述了直接接触固液相变制冰、强化制冰的方法及冰蓄冷系统的研究进展，考虑到目前对蓄冰技术相关的固液相变传热问题的研究与发展现状，提出了一些有待研究解决的问题     

吉延高速公路涎流冰分析与防治

涎流冰在我国季冻区的公路建设中经常遇到,若处理不当,其危害性相当大。结合吉林至延吉高速公路敦化至延吉段涎流冰形成的类型、特点和规模,对涎流冰的形成机理做了研究与分析,按其成因分为沟谷涎流冰和山坡涎流冰。针对吉延高速涎流冰的特点,有针对性地采取了排、挡、积、截等4种措施进行了综合治理,通车运营,3年来未再发生过涎流冰,取得了较好的效果。所以只有以预防为主,防治结合,多方面重视涎流冰,涎流冰的发生才能得到有效控制。     

Ultrafast superheating and melting of bulk ice

The superheating of a solid to a temperature beyond its melting point, without the solid actually melting, is a well-known phenomenon. It occurs with many substances, particularly those that can readily be produced as high-quality crystals. In principle, ice should also be amenable to superheating. But the complex three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds that holds water molecules together and gives rise to unusual solid and liquid properties strongly affects the melting behaviour of ice; in particular, ice usually contains many defects owing to the directionality of its hydrogen bonds. However, simulations are readily able to 'create' defect-free ice that can be superheated. Here we show that by exciting the OH stretching mode of water, it is possible to superheat ice. When using an ice sample at an initial temperature of 270 K, we observe an average temperature rise of 20 +/- 2 K that persists over the monitored time interval of 250 ps without melting.     

河流冰盖热力增长的数值模拟

文章基于多相流理论,建立了河流的热力与水力条件耦合的二维河道模型.模型把河流当作大气-冰体-水体的一个耦合系统,考虑了系统中界面的热量交换,并考虑了冰花在冰盖下堆积对冰盖热量交换的影响.在不同的入口冰花浓度、冰盖上表面温度、入口水流速度的工况下,对冰盖的增长进行了模拟分析,获得了冰盖厚度的增长特征与冰盖形成后水体速度场和温度场的分布特征.模拟结果表明:入口冰花浓度越大、冰盖上表面温度越低、入口流速越小,则形成的冰盖厚度越大;断面上的流速越大,水温越低.     

Antarctic ice sheet GLIMMER model test and its simplified model on 2-dimensional ice flow

The three-dimensional finite difference thermodynamic coupled model on Antarctic ice sheet, GLIMMER model, is described. An idealized ice sheet numerical test was conducted under the EISMINT-1 benchmark, and the characteristic curves of ice sheets under steady-state was obtained. Based on this, this model was simplified from a 3-dimensional one to 2-dimensional one. Improvement of the difference method and coordinate system was proposed. Evolution of the 2-dimensional ice flow was simulated under coupled temperature field conditions. The results showed that the characteristic curves deriving from the conservation of the mass, momentum and energy agree with the results of ice sheet profile simulated with GLIMMER model and with the theoretical results. The application prospect of the simplified 2-dimensional ice flow model to simulate the relation of age-depth-accumulation rate in Dome A region was discussed.     

Antarctic ice sheet GLIMMER model test and its simplified model on 2-dimensional ice flow

The 3-dimensional finite difference thermodynamic coupled model on Antarctic ice sheet, GLIMMER model, is described. An idealized ice sheet numerical test was conducted under the EISMINT-1 benchmark, and the characteristic curves of ice sheets under steady state were obtained. Based on this, this model was simplified from a 3-dimensional one to 2-dimensional one. Improvement of the difference method and coordinate system was proposed. Evolution of the 2-dimensional ice flow was simulated under coupled temperature field conditions. The results showed that the characteristic curves deriving from the conservation of the mass, momentum and energy agree with the results of ice sheet profile simulated with GLIMMER model and with the theoretical results. The application prospect of the simplified 2-dimensional ice flow model to simulate the relation of age-depth-accumulation in Dome A region was discussed.     

Switch of flow direction in an Antarctic ice stream

Fast-flowing ice streams transport ice from the interior of West Antarctica to the ocean, and fluctuations in their activity control the mass balance of the ice sheet. The mass balance of the Ross Sea sector of the West Antarctic ice sheet is now positive--that is, it is growing--mainly because one of the ice streams (ice stream C) slowed down about 150 years ago. Here we present evidence from both surface measurements and remote sensing that demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of the Ross drainage system. We show that the flow in an area that once discharged into ice stream C has changed direction, now draining into the Whillans ice stream (formerly ice stream B). This switch in flow direction is a result of continuing thinning of the Whillans ice stream and recent thickening of ice stream C. Further abrupt reorganization of the activity and configuration of the ice streams over short timescales is to be expected in the future as the surface topography of the ice sheet responds to the combined effects of internal dynamics and long-term climate change. We suggest that caution is needed when using observations of short-term mass changes to draw conclusions about the large-scale mass balance of the ice sheet.     

Melt-induced speed-up of Greenland ice sheet offset by efficient subglacial drainage

Fluctuations in surface melting are known to affect the speed of glaciers and ice sheets, but their impact on the Greenland ice sheet in a warming climate remains uncertain. Although some studies suggest that greater melting produces greater ice-sheet acceleration, others have identified a long-term decrease in Greenland's flow despite increased melting. Here we use satellite observations of ice motion recorded in a land-terminating sector of southwest Greenland to investigate the manner in which ice flow develops during years of markedly different melting. Although peak rates of ice speed-up are positively correlated with the degree of melting, mean summer flow rates are not, because glacier slowdown occurs, on average, when a critical run-off threshold of about 1.4?centimetres a day is exceeded. In contrast to the first half of summer, when flow is similar in all years, speed-up during the latter half is 62?±?16 per cent less in warmer years. Consequently, in warmer years, the period of fast ice flow is three times shorter and, overall, summer ice flow is slower. This behaviour is at odds with that expected from basal lubrication alone. Instead, it mirrors that of mountain glaciers, where melt-induced acceleration of flow ceases during years of high melting once subglacial drainage becomes efficient. A model of ice-sheet flow that captures switching between cavity and channel drainage modes is consistent with the run-off threshold, fast-flow periods, and later-summer speeds we have observed. Simulations of the Greenland ice-sheet flow under climate warming scenarios should account for the dynamic evolution of subglacial drainage; a simple model of basal lubrication alone misses key aspects of the ice sheet's response to climate warming.     

冰蓄冷技术相关固液相变传热现象的研究进展

列举了与常规冰蓄冷技术相关的传热问题，综述了冰－水固液相变导热控制、导热对流耦合控制下圆管外和球内固液相变传热现象的研究进展情况，以及在冰－水固液相交换热实验研究中所采用的实验方法．     

Formation of ordered ice nanotubes inside carbon nanotubes

Following their discovery, carbon nanotubes have attracted interest not only for their unusual electrical and mechanical properties, but also because their hollow interior can serve as a nanometre-sized capillary, mould or template in material fabrication. The ability to encapsulate a material in a nanotube also offers new possibilities for investigating dimensionally confined phase transitions. Particularly intriguing is the conjecture that matter within the narrow confines of a carbon nanotube might exhibit a solid-liquid critical point beyond which the distinction between solid and liquid phases disappears. This unusual feature, which cannot occur in bulk material, would allow for the direct and continuous transformation of liquid matter into a solid. Here we report simulations of the behaviour of water encapsulated in carbon nanotubes that suggest the existence of a variety of new ice phases not seen in bulk ice, and of a solid-liquid critical point. Using carbon nanotubes with diameters ranging from 1.1 nm to 1.4 nm and applied axial pressures of 50 MPa to 500 MPa, we find that water can exhibit a first-order freezing transition to hexagonal and heptagonal ice nanotubes, and a continuous phase transformation into solid-like square or pentagonal ice nanotubes.