Control of the cardiovascular system ofAplysia by identified neurons

The neural network that controls the cardiovascular system ofAplysia adapts cardiovascular function to a variety of different physiological and behavioral situations. It (1) coordinates the cardiovascular system with the renal and respiratory systems; (2) modifies both systemic and regional blood flow during food-elicited arousal and feeding; and (3) changes the tension of longitudinal vascular muscle to adapt the arterial tree to changes in body shape. Indirect evidence suggests that the cardiovascular control circuit may also play a role in maintaining homeostasis during egg laying. Several putative neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, serotonin, R151 and R152 peptides, have been localized to identified neurons in this circuit.     

Hsp27 suppresses the formation of inclusion bodies induced by expression of R120G alpha B-crystallin,a cause of desmin-related myopathy

The R120G mutation in the small heat shock protein (sHSP) alpha B-crystallin has been identified in a family suffering from desmin-related myopathy. In this study, we characterized the features of transiently expressed R120G alpha B-crystallin in mammalian cells. In addition, we examined interactions of this mutant alpha B-crystallin with Hsp27, another representative sHSP. In HeLa cells, transiently expressed R120G alpha B-crystallin was mainly fractionated in the insoluble fraction, although wild-type alpha B-crystallin was predominantly found in the soluble fraction. In immunofluorescence studies, we found 15-25% of R120G alpha B-crystallin-expressing cells to contain multiple cytosolic inclusion bodies, in which Hsp27 was also localized. When R120G alpha B-crystallin and Hsp27 were transiently co-expressed in HeLa cells, the amount of R120G alpha B-crystallin in the soluble fraction was greater than with expression of R120G alpha B-crystallin alone. Moreover, co-expression resulted in reduced formation of inclusion bodies, suggesting that Hsp27 acts as a molecular chaperone for R120G alpha B-crystallin.     

Effect of 15(R)-15-methyl-prostaglandin E2 on iron absorption in the rat

Summary The administration of 15(R)-15-methyl prostaglandin E₂ (15(R)-15-M-PGE₂) in vivo significantly diminished the uptake of⁵⁹Fe into blood, spleen, liver, femur and dried intestine of rats, whereas acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) increased the counts significantly. This effect of ASA was counteracted by 15(R)-15-M-PGE₂. It is suggested that prostaglandins (PGs) might play an important role in inhibiting iron absorption at the intestinal level.This work was supported by grant No.6638 from CONICET (Argentina). The technical assistance of Mrs María E. Castro and Norma Rizzo is gratefully acknowleged.     

The endocannabinoid system in rat gliosomes and its role in the modulation of glutamate release

The endocannabinoid system and endocannabinoid receptor-driven modulation of glutamate release were studied in rat brain cortex astroglial gliosomes. These preparations contained the endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, as well their major biosynthetic (N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines-hydrolyzing-phospholipase D and diacylglycerol-lipase) and catabolic (fatty acid amide-hydrolase and monoacylglycerol-lipase) enzymes. Gliosomes expressed type-1 (CB1R), type-2 (CB2R) cannabinoid, and type-1 vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors, as ascertained by Western blotting and confocal microscopy. Methanandamide, a stable analogue of anandamide acting as CB1R, CB2R, and TRPV1 agonist, stimulated or inhibited the depolarization-evoked gliosomal [³H]d-aspartate release, at lower and higher concentrations, respectively. Experiments with ACEA (arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide), JWH133 ((6aR,10aR)-3-(1,1-dimethylbutyl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]-pyran) and capsaicin, selective agonists at CB1R, CB2R and TRPV1, respectively, demonstrated that potentiation of [³H]d-aspartate release was due to CB1R while inhibition to CB2R and TRPV1 engagement. These findings were confirmed by using selective receptor antagonists. Furthermore, CB1R activation caused increase of intracellular IP3 and Ca²⁺ concentration, suggesting an involvement of phospholipase C.     

Defensive steroids from a carrion beetle (Silpha americana)

The defensive anal effluent discharged by Silpha americana in response to disturbance contains a mixture of steroids stemming from a glandular annex of the rectum. The compounds have been characterized as 15 beta-hydroxyprogesterone (1, principal component), 5 beta-pregnan-15 beta-ol-3,20-dione (2), 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha, 15 beta-diol-20-one (3), 5 beta-pregnan-7 beta, 15 beta-diol-3,20-dione (4), 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha, 7 beta, 15 beta-triol-20-one (5), 5 beta-pregnan-16 alpha-ol-3,20-dione (6), and 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha, 16 alpha-diol-20-one (7), none previously found in insects. Bioassays with jumping spiders showed compounds 1 and 6 to be feeding deterrents at the 1 microgram level.     

Ethanol and opioid receptor signalling

Ethanol may modulate endogenous opioid systems by disrupting opioid receptor signalling. Low concentrations of ethanol slightly potentiate mu-opioid receptor binding by increasing receptor Bmax, and, in some cases, chronic ethanol exposure decreases the density or affinity of the mu-opioid receptors. By contrast, high concentrations of ethanol acutely decrease delta-opioid receptor binding by decreasing receptor affinity, whereas chronic exposure of animals and neuronal cell lines to lower concentrations of ethanol leads to possibly adaptive increases in the density or affinity of the delta-opioid receptors. In the neuronal cell line NG108-15, ethanol does not up-regulate the delta-opioid receptor by blocking receptor degradation or endocytosis, but protein synthesis is required for this response. Up-regulation of the delta-opioid receptor renders ethanol-treated NG108-15 cells 3.5-fold more sensitive to opioid inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Long-term treatment with ethanol also increases maximal opioid inhibition in NG108-15 cells, possibly by decreasing levels of G alpha s and its mRNA. Ethanol differentially modulates signal transduction proteins in three additional neuronal cell lines, N18TG2, N4TG1, and N1E-115. Ethanol-treated N18TG2 cells show the least up-regulation of the delta-opioid receptor, little heterologous desensitization of adenylyl cyclase, and no changes in G alpha s or G alpha i. By contrast, ethanol-treated N1E-115 cells show the largest up-regulation of the delta-opioid receptor, the most heterologous desensitization of adenylyl cyclase, and concentration-dependent decreases in G alpha s and increases in G alpha i. Further analysis of these related neuronal cell lines may help to identify the molecular elements that endow some, but not all, neuronal cells with the capacity to adapt to ethanol.     

The admiR-able advances in cardiovascular biology through the zebrafish model system

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs endogenously expressed by all tissues during development and adulthood. They regulate gene expression by controlling the stability of targeted messenger RNA. In cardiovascular tissues microRNAs play a role by modulating essential genes involved in heart and blood vessel development and homeostasis. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) system is a recognized vertebrate model system useful to study cardiovascular biology; recently, it has been used to investigate microRNA functions during natural and pathological states. In this review, we will illustrate the advantages of the zebrafish model in the study of microRNAs in heart and vascular cells, providing an update on recent discoveries using the zebrafish to identify new microRNAs and their targeted genes in cardiovascular tissues. Lastly, we will provide evidence that the zebrafish is an optimal model system to undercover new microRNA functions in vertebrates and to improve microRNA-based therapeutic approaches.     

Fluorescence replication banding of frog chromosomes

To identify individual chromosomes of a frog karyotype by their fluorescence banding patterns, chromosomes were stained with actinomycin D and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) after incorporation of BrdU during the late S-phase. The chromosomes of three Rana species which were selected for this study (R. ridibunda, R. lessonae and R. japonica) showed well-defined late replication bands. The fluorescence patterns obtained were the reverse of those produced by a 4Na-EDTA Giemsa-staining technique. Fluorescence patterns of the two water frog species (R. ridibunda and R. lessonae) were similar to each other, except for the different fluorescence of the centromeric heterochromatin, which gave extremely bright signals in R. ridibunda but no signal in R. lessonae. Experiments also showed differences between the fluorescence patterns of R. lessonae chromosome 13 in the Italian and Luxembourgian populations. These results sho w that the fluorescence replication banding using actinomycin D and DAPI is very effective in identifying individual frog chromosomes and detecting their structural changes. Received 7 June 1996; received after revision 23 July 1996; accepted 21 August 1996     

Laminins during muscle development and in muscular dystrophies

Cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix during muscle formation and in muscular dystrophy have received increased interest during the past years. Laminins constitute a growing family of proteins with complex expression patterns in forming basement membranes during muscle development. In skeletal muscle, laminins constitute major ligands for cell surface receptors involved in the transmission of force from the cell interior, but laminins might also influence signal transmission events during muscle formation and in muscle regeneration. During myogenesis the laminin alpha1 chain is present around the epithelial somite; but later, in forming muscle, the laminin alpha1 chain is restricted to the myotendinous junction. The laminin alpha2, alpha4 and alpha5 chains are major laminin chains in the muscle basement membrane during muscle formation, but laminin alpha4 and alpha5 chains are absent in adult muscle. The importance of laminins for muscle integrity is manifested in congenital muscular dystrophies with defects in the laminin alpha2 chain. There is no good evidence for the presence of laminin alpha1 chain in dystrophic muscle, but some other fetal muscle laminins can be detected in dystrophic muscle. Characterization of laminin expression patterns in muscular dystrophies might be of diagnostic and therapeutic value. In this paper, we review the recent publications on the biological functions of muscle laminins and discuss their roles in skeletal muscle.     

Sphingosine 1-phosphate signal survival and mitogenesis are mediated by lipid-stereospecific binding of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins

Proof for the role of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in the development of cardiovascular events is accumulating. We recently reported that postprandial TRLs bind to and internalize into human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs) by a lipid-dependent mechanism. We now show that postprandial TRLs triggered hydrolysis of sphingomyelin and stimulation of the sphingosine kinase producing sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). In addition, postprandial TRLs exhibited survival and mitogenic effects. Interestingly, the signals were modulated by the nature of the fatty acids located at the sn-2 position in the triacylglycerol molecules of TRL. This lipid-stereospecific regulation of S1P cellular levels in HA-VSMCs provides a novel insight into the intrinsic role of dietary fatty acids and the mechanism mediated by triacylglycerol-containing postprandial lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.Received 14 August 2003; received after revision 8 October 2003; accepted 15 October 2003     

Levels of alpha1-antitrypsin in the spring and autumn seasons.

In a group of 84 pairs of 11-year-old children of both sexes, the level of the alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) were ascertained in the autumn and spring. Although the mean levels of alpha1-AT in the two seasons hardly differed, the highly significant seasonal changes in the distribution curves of alpha1-AT values were noted in boys, whereas the levels showed higher stability in girls.     

Interleukin-12, a key cytokine in Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine produced primarily by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) which plays a key role in promoting type 1 T helper cell (Th1) responses. The powerful activity of IL-12 requires tight control, which is exerted at various levels. Primary control is exerted on IL-12 production by APCs, a major factor driving the response towards the Th1 or Th2 phenotype. Another level of control regulates expression of the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R), which is composed of two subunits, β1 and β2. The IL-12R β2 subunit has signal-transducing capacity and modulation of its expression is central to the regulation of IL-12 responsiveness. Endogenous IL-12 plays an important role in host defense against infection by a variety of intracellular pathogens. Its Th1-promoting activity, however, also favors Th1-mediated immunopathology and, in particular, the induction of Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases. Received 15 January 1999; received after revision 11 March 1999; accepted 16 March 1999     

A postsynaptic alpha 2-receptor: the alpha-adrenergic receptor of hamster white fat cells

The effects of selected alpha-agonists and alpha-antagonists on theophylline-induces lipolysis were investigate in isolated hamster white fat cells, alpha 2-Agonists (tramazoline, clonidine) inhibited theophylline-induced lipolysis while in alpha 1-agonist (methoxamine) was without any effect. The inhibitory effect of alpha 2-agonists was suppressed by yohimbine (alpha 2-antagonist), whereas alpha 1-antagonists were inefficient. This result implies that the alpha-adrenergic receptor of hamster fat cells is of the alpha 2-type, although postsynaptically.     

The influence of hypertension upon the normal cardiovascular responses to hemorrhagic hypotension and shock

The data suggest that rats genetically inbred to be hypertensive (SHR) are less able to compensate for hemorrhage and shock than their normotensive controls (WKY). Two reasons for this genetic dysfunction are: 1) SHRs seem to depend more on innervated alpha 1 than noninnervated alpha 2 adrenoreceptors for vasoconstriction; and 2) the vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy noted in SHRs may interfere with effective vasoconstriction.     

Intra-vascular glucocorticoid metabolism as a modulator of vascular structure and function

The ability of glucocorticoids to directly alter arterial function, structure and the inflammatory response to vascular injury may contribute to their well-established link with the development of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have emphasised the importance of tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoid availability by the 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11HSD) isozymes, which inter-convert active glucocorticoids and their inactive metabolites. The expression of both type 1 and type 2 11HSDs in the arterial wall suggests that prereceptor metabolism of glucocorticoids may have a direct impact on vascular physiology. Indeed there is evidence that 11HSDs influence glucocorticoid-mediated changes in vascular contractility, vascular structure, the inflammatory response to injury and the growth of new blood vessels. Hence, inhibition of 11HSD isozymes may provide a novel therapeutic target in vascular disease. Received 19 September 2005; received after revision 1 November 2005; accepted 25 November 2005     

Anomaly of the polypeptide and oligosaccharide chains of alpha-2-neuraminoglycoprotein in various types of hereditary angioneurotic edema

Using two-dimensional immuno-electrophoresis to study a morphological abnormality of the alpha 2-neuramino-glycoprotein (alpha 2-NGP) we have been able to observe allelic exclusion in patients afflicted by hereditary angioneurotic oedema [1]. With the aid of two-dimensional immuno-affino-electrophoresis, we have been able to show that in some cases, there exists a double abnormality of alpha 2-NGP associating a deficiency in post translating glycosylation with a loss of the inhibitory function of the C1 esterase.     

Blocking of melatonin synthesis and MT1 receptor impairs the activation of Jurkat T cells

Melatonin has been proposed as regulating the immune system by affecting cytokine production in immunocompetent cells, enhancing the production of several T helper (Th)1 cytokines. To further investigate the melatonin’s role in IL-2/IL-2R system, we established an inducible T-REx expression system in Jurkat cells in which the protein levels of HIOMT enzyme or MT₁ receptor were significantly down-regulated upon tetracycline incubation. We found that T-REx Jurkat cells with lower levels of HIOMT activity, and consequently lower content of endogenous melatonin, showed IL-2 production decrease after activation with lectin. Likewise, tetracycline-inducible stable cell line expressing MT₁ antisense produced decreased amounts of IL-2 (mRNA and protein levels) after stimulation. Moreover, in T-Rex-MT₁ cells incubated with tetracycline, a sub-optimal PHA dose failed to induce the early activation marker CD25 on the cell surface. The results shown here support the relevance of endogenous melatonin and its signaling in T cell activation.