The interdecadal trend and shift of dry/wet over the central part of North China and their relationship to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）

Based on monthly precipitation and monthly mean surface air temperature (SAT),the dry/wet trends and shift of the central part of North China and their relationship to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) from 1951 to 2005 have been analyzed through calculating surface wetness index (SWI). The results indicate that there was a prominent drying trend and an abrupt change in the analysis period. A per-sistent warming period with less precipitation from the mid and late 1970s to present was found,and a shift process exists from the wet to the dry in the central part of North China during 1951-2005. The transition is located in the mid to late 1970s,which should be related to the shift variation of large-scale climate background. The correlation analysis has brought about a finding of significant correlativity between PDO index (PDOI) and SAT,precipitation and SWI in this region. The correlation exhibits that the positive phase of PDOI (warm PDO phase) matches warming,less precipitation and the drought period,and the negative PDOI phase corresponds to low SAT,more precipitation and the wet period. The duration of various phases is more than 25 years. The decadal variation of sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific Ocean is one of the possible causes in forming the decadal dry/wet trend and shift of the central part of North China.     

Regional characteristics of the interdecadal turning of winter/summer climate modes in Chinese mainland

Tomé and Miranda’s climate trend turning discriminatory model is used to identify the spatial-temporal characteristics of the interdecadal turning of winter/summer climate modes at stations and in eight sub-areas over Chinese mainland based on the 1961–2000 observations. It is found that the stations with close occurrence years of the interdecadal trend turning (ITT) and coincident trends after the ITT exhibit a zonal distribution. A view is accordingly proposed that the interdecadal turnings of climate modes in China have remarkably regional structures. The research results show that after the early 1980s, winter climate over Chinese mainland overall trends towards a “warm-wet” mode, while summer climate had an abrupt change into “warm wet” mode in the late 1980s, suggesting that the time of the “warm-wet” mode turning for winter climate is earlier than that for summer climate. The regional characteristics and test results of the ITTs in eight sub-areas suggest that winter climate exhibits a distinctive “warm-dry” trend in North China after the late 1970s, and a slight “warm-dry” trend in Northeast China, South China, and Southwest China after the late 1980s. A “warm-wet” trend appears in the rest four sub-areas (the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River Valley, briefly Jianghuai, the east of the Tibetan plateau, and the east and west of Northwest China) after the early 1980s. The summer climate trends towards a “warm-dry” mode in Northeast China, North China and the east of Northwest China after the late 1980s, but a “warm-wet” mode appears in Southwest China and the east of the Tibetan plateau after the middle 1970s, as well as in Jianghuai and the west of Northwest China after the early 1980s. Specially, summer climate in South China started a “cold-wet” trend in 1984.     

济南市降水特征时空演变规律分析

以济南市为研究对象,采用中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集中的降水数据,基于Mann-Kendall检验法和Sen‘s坡度法,对济南市各区域1979-2015年城区、山区及平原区域降水特征的时空演变规律进行了分析.结果表明: 1)1979-2015年济南市年平均降水量为643.4mm,丰水年与枯水年常交替出现,年际变化幅度大,年平均降水量呈波动型增长,但增长趋势并不明显; 2)济南市年降水量空间分布呈由西南向东北阶梯型递减的特征,且其分布特征与地形关系密切,南部山区降水普遍大于北部平原地区,空间分布极不均匀; 3)济南市夏季降水集中,约占全年降水量的60%以上,且紧邻主城区的南部山区夏季降水量高达494.6mm,故主城区遭受山洪灾害的风险较大; 4)近37年济南市平原区和主城区汛期降水量呈增加的趋势,山区汛期降水量有所减少,但降水量变化程度不显著.      

文水县四十年来气候变化的趋势研究

利用文水县1972年~2011年气温和降水量数据,分析了两者之间的变化趋势.研究表明,文水县1972年~2011年这40年年平均气温呈上升态势,气候倾向率为0.32℃/10 a.从年际变化情况看,相对寒冷的时期出现在上世纪80年代和90年代,相对温暖的时期出现在上世纪70年代和21世纪初的前11年,而增温最明显的时间段为21世纪的前11年.文水县1972年~2011年降水量以23 mm/10 a的速率在减少,而且夏季对年降水量的减少贡献最大.上世纪70年代、80年代和90年代初期为相对多雨的时期,90年代后期和21世纪的前11年为相对少雨的时期.     

甘肃河西地区近50年气象和水文序列的变化趋势

应用累积滤波器和秩次相关法 ,对甘肃河西地区近 5 0年气象和水文序列的变化趋势进行了分析 .结果表明 ,该区年降水量、年平均气温和年平均流量变化趋势存在明显的地域分布 ,并受海拔高程的影响 .这可能是不同的下垫面对全球变暖的不同响应 .该区气候总体趋于暖湿 ,这同GCMs模拟成果基本一致     

山东可利用降水量时空分布特征及其对气候变暖的响应

利用山东省31个气象观测站1961—2008年的月平均气温和月降水量资料,依据高桥浩一郎的路面蒸散发经验公式和水量平衡关系计算得到山东可利用降水量,分析了山东可利用降水量的时空分布特征及其对气候变暖的响应．结果表明：1）近48年来,山东年及四季可利用降水量总体上均呈减少的趋势,特别地,年可利用降水量减少显著．2）山东可利用降水量除冬季年代际变化不明显,年际变化明显外,其余季节和年可利用降水量都存在明显的年代际及年际变化．3）从区域分布来看,山东年及四季平均可利用降水量基本上呈现由西北向东南逐渐增加的分布趋势;全省大部地区年及四季可利用降水量呈减少趋势,特别地,鲁西北和半岛部分地区年和夏季可利用降水量减少显著．4）在全球气候偏冷期,山东四季及年可利用降水量均偏多;在全球气候偏暖期,除冬季略偏多外,其他季节和年可利用降水量均偏少．     

Interdecadal change of summer precipitation over Eastern China around the late-1990s and associated circulation anomalies, internal dynamical causes

Observational study indicated that the summer precipitation over Eastern China experienced a notable interdecadal change around the late-1990s. Accompanying this interdecadal change, the dominant mode of anomalous precipitation switched from a meridional triple pattern to a dipole pattern, showing a "south-flood-north-drought" structure (with the exception of the Yangtze River Valley). This interdecadal change of summer precipitation over Eastern China was associated with circulation anomalies in the middle/upper troposphere over East Asia, such as changes in winds and corresponding divergence, vertical motion and moisture transportation (divergence), which all exhibit remarkable meridional dipole structures. Furthermore, on the internal dynamic and thermodynamic aspects, the present study investigated the influence of the midtroposphere zonal and meridional flow changes over East Asia on the interdecadal change around the late-1990s. Results suggested that, during 1999-2010, the East Asia subtropical westerly jet weakened and shifted poleward, forming a meridional dipole feature in anomalous zonal flow. This anomalous zonal flow, on one hand, induced changes in three teleconnection patterns over the Eurasian continent, namely the "Silk Road" pattern along the subtropical upper troposphere westerly jet, the East Asia/Pacific (EAP) pattern along the East Asian coast, and the Eurasia (EU) pattern along the polar jet; on the other hand, it brought about cold advection over Northern China, and warm advection over Southern China in the mid-troposphere. Through these two ways, the changes in the zonal flow induced descent over Northern China and ascent over Southern China, which resulted in the anomalous "south-flood-north-drought" feature of the summer precipitation over Eastern China during 1999-2010.     

近50年内蒙古多伦县气候变化特征分析

以1961～2005年多伦县气象站气象记录为主要数据来源,选取气温、降水量、蒸发量、干湿度等指标,采用常规统计分析方法,进行了年均和季度变化的时间序列分析.结果表明:多伦县年均气温趋于上升趋势,降水量波动较大,并且夏季降水量对全年降水量贡献最大.年均蒸发量总趋势是下降的,整体上比较稳定.干湿度趋于上升,呈现变湿润趋势.近50年来多伦县气候呈现增温增湿的趋势.     

Regional difference of aridity/ humidity conditions change over China during the last thirty years

Scientists have found that the global average surface temperature has increased by 0.6±0.2℃ since the late 19th century based on various evidence[1]. From the 1980s, temperature has experienced the most rapid warming to an extent of abrupt change statistically[2,3]. Global warming has attracted extensive attention from multiple depart-ments and has been an important issue related to global politics. Many scientific communities have made great efforts on climate change research and global env…     

乐亭县1975年～2009年气候变化特征分析

收集河北省乐亭县气象观测站点记录的气温与降水资料,利用数理统计软件和回归分析方法,对1975年～2009年的气候要素（包括气温和降水）的多年变化趋势、年代季变化趋势、季节性变化趋势进行了分析,阐述了个别年份的气温和降水量的突出变化．结果表明：随着全球气候变暖,1975年～2009年乐亭县平均气温呈明显上升趋势,尤其以冬季气温升高趋势较为明显．年均降水量变化不大,总趋势略有减少,但基本平衡,没有造成旱涝灾害．夏季降水量较均匀,占年均降水量的比例最大．个别年份全年总降水量略增多,如1977年、1985年和1994年降水量超过800mal．某些年份降水季节变化较大,出现明显的干湿季交替现象．     

Annual precipitation fields secular variation over global land areas for 1948—2000

In contrast to global temperature, fewer studies have been contributed to global precipitation. There are nu-merous efforts devoted to the problem, including Gruza[1], Diaz et al.[2], Bradley et al.[3], Vinnikov et al.[4] and Hulme[5], in which the global precipitation was addressed simply in the context of data in the 1980s, sometime be-fore that and the early 1990s[6—8]. More recently, studies have involved data around 1997 but on a local basis. Evi-dently, the problem of secular variatio…     

气温变化的层次结构与未来气候变化趋势预测

用子波变换分析了Jones和Vinnikov南北半球近百年来气温资料,确定了气温变化的层次结构。结果发现,北半球在1923年前后、南半球在1939年前后发生了一次较大时间尺度的冷暖突变。提出了预测未来气候变化趋势的新思路,即根据气温变化的层次结构和不同层次的冷暖期特征时间尺度,预测未来气候变化。认为在北半球1923至2001年为大暖期,从2001年起将进入大冷期,大冷期约有77年;1991年至2001年是大暖期中相对凉爽的时期,80年代的增温事件将从1991年起趋于缓和。     

玉溪市干旱气候的基本特征分析

重点分析玉溪市干旱气候的基本特征.并以de Martonne干燥度指数和Kira干燥度指数初步探讨了干旱的成因,得出玉溪50 a来朝着变干旱的趋势发展,年降水量出现较大波动,降水量呈现下降趋势;50 a来玉溪年平均气温总体呈现变暖态势,玉溪市的干旱就是在全球气候变暖的背景下发生的.     

基于CMIP6集合优化数据集的全球陆地极端气候变化预估

预估极端气候事件趋势能够降低其引起的灾害风险.该文基于CMIP6集合优化数据集EPTGODD-WHU,选取5个极端气候指数,即最高气温极大值(TXx)、最高气温极小值(TXn)、最低气温极大值(TNx)、最低气温极小值(TNn)和最大月降水量(PXx),并结合GIS分析手段,对2021—2100年SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下的全球陆地极端气温及降水进行预估.结果表明：1)相较于CMIP单一模式,EPTGODD-WHU数据集模拟性能显著提升,气温及降水的空间相关系数分别达到0.99和0.81.2) SSP5-8.5情景下,年最低气温和最高气温均上升明显,且这种上升趋势年内波动不大,地球陆地极寒地区将面临升温的风险,而赤道等极热地区将处于年内长时间酷热状态.3)六大洲在SSP5-8.5情景下的极端降水整体上升趋势最剧烈,但北美洲密西西比平原和滨海平原的地区在SSP5-8.5情景下在未来面临较高的旱灾风险.4)中国西南部地区的极端降水在三个情景下均呈稳定的增幅,且增幅高达60%,预示面临较高的洪灾风险.     

贵阳市近40年气候变化趋势分析

利用贵阳市1961～2000年的气温，降水资料，应用统计方法分析了贵阳近40年的气候变化趋势。研究结果发现，贵阳气温有上升趋势，但是上升幅度较小。四季气温变化幅度不大，其中春季气温下降趋势在四季变化中最明显，冬季气温上升幅度最大。降水则呈微弱下降趋势，夏季降水上升，春季降水下降。在此基础上，进一步分析了贵阳从1961年以来的严重冷暖冬时间与多雨少雨年的出现规律．     

河套灌区近50年气候变化特征及趋势分析

以河套灌区为研究区,收集、整理和分析了河套灌区由西向东的磴口、杭后、临河、五原、前旗5个区域近50年的气候资料:包括降水量、气温、日照总时数、无霜期、平均风速、蒸发量等,分别运用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendell法和小波分析等手段,研究了该地区不同时段、不同区域的气象因子的趋势性、突变性和周期性.结果显示:近50年来灌区年平均气温呈逐年上升的趋势,并且通过了M-K显著性检验.50年间增温幅度约为2℃,各月极端气温差约为41℃,且各月气温呈明显的升高趋势,突变点为1990年;灌区年降水量在波动中呈微弱增加的线性趋势,增加总量不足10mm;而灌区年蒸发量自2000年以来呈现出明显的增加趋势,增加的蒸发量体现在春季的2、3、4月份;灌区年平均风速有明显的降低趋势,突变点为2000年;年日照总时数有变短、年无霜期有增加趋势,但二者变化趋势并不明显.     

Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter surface air temperature and possible causes

Using the NCEP/NCAR and JRA-25 monthly analysis data from 1979 to 2011, this paper analyzes the interdecadal variations of winter (Dec.–Feb.) mean surface air temperature (SAT) over East Asia by means of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis method. Two dominant modes were extracted, with the leading mode basically depicting a sign consistent SAT variation and the second mode describing a meridional dipole structure between the northern and southern parts of East Asia. These two modes can explain more than 60% of the variance. The leading mode is closely related to the intensity of Siberian high and the East Asian winter monsoon. The second mode exhibits a notable interdecadal shift in the late 1990s, with a turning point around 1996/1997. Winter SAT in the northern (southern) part of East Asia tends to be cooler (warmer) since the late 1990. Winter sea level pressure (SLP) differences between 1997–2011 and 1979–1996 show negative (positive) anomalies over southern (northern) Eurasia. At 500-hPa, an anomalous blocking high occurs over northern Eurasia, while a cyclone anomaly appears over northern East Asia. In addition, the upper-level East Asian jet stream tends to shift northward and become stronger after the late 1990. Indeed, the interdecadal shift of winter SAT over East Asia is dynamical consistent with changes of the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the late 1990s. The result indicates that previous autumn sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Northern Indian Ocean and the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as sea ice concentration (SIC) in the northern Eurasia marginal seas and the Beaufort Sea also experienced obvious changes in the late 1990s. In particular, the interdecadal shifts of both SST in the North Atlantic Ocean and SIC in the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas are well coherent with that of the winter SAT over East Asia. The results indicate that the interdecadal shift of East Asian winter SAT may be related to changes in the North Atlantic SST and the Arctic SIC in the late 1990s.     

红河流域降水量的时空变异特征

 利用红河流域52个观测站的43a日降水资料,针对年、湿季和干季降水量和降水倾向率等统计量,采用ArcMap的反距离加权插值法进行插值与分类处理,生成了红河流域年、湿季和干季降水量的空间分布图,实现了气候趋势特征指数的空间化处理.对红河流域年、湿季和干季降水量等的时空分异特性进行综合分析得出:43a来,红河流域年降水呈现上升趋势,空间上主要表现为除了元江干流中下游、盘龙河北部和东北部有下降趋势外,其它地区都呈上升趋势;湿季和干季间降水量变化趋势差异较大,相对于年降水量空间分布而言,湿季具有下降趋势的地区扩大到整个流域中部,而干季降水量在整个流域几乎都呈上升的趋势;因出现在干季降水量有所增加,而在雨季的降雨量有所减少,因而降低了干旱和洪灾的发生机率.     

Identifying the northernmost summer monsoon location in East Asia

An integrated index which can be used to indicate the advance of subtropical summer monsoon in East Asia has been proposed in this paper.The index was comhined by three variables including precipitation,wind and pseudo-equivalent potential tempera- ture.The northernmost summer monsoon location(NSML)was identified by using this index annually.It was found that the NSML ex- perienced an interdecadal shift in the period 1977—1979 based on the annual index analysis from 1961 to 2001.A comparison of the NSML with other four summer monsoon indices has also been made.The result showed that the NSML could well represent the interan- nual and interdecadal variability of summer monsoon precipitation in North China(beyond 35°N),while other four indices could well indi- cate the precipitation anomalies of East Asian summer monsoon along the Yangtze River valley(around 30°N).     

云南近50a雾的变化特征

 利用1961~2008年云南120个县市逐月雾日资料,分析了云南近50a雾日的时空变化特征以及对气候变暖的响应.结果表明:①云南雾日具有明显的区域分布.全年及四季雾日有从北到南有增加的趋势.②云南雾日的发生具有明显月际变化特征.云南全年各月都有雾日发生,主要集中于11月、12月和1月,最多的月份是12月.从季节分布来看,云南属典型的冬雾发生区.从不同气候带看,北热带、南亚热带、中亚热带、北亚热带及温带属于典型冬雾发生区,最大月是12月;高原气候带属于典型夏雾发生区,最大月是7月.③近50a来云南全省四季及年的总变化趋势非常一致,为减少的趋势.6个气候带年雾日频次近50a总的变化趋势也为减少的趋势.④云南年及四季雾日也存在明显的年代际变化.6个气候带年雾日频次也存在明显的年代际变化.⑤云南各地对气候变暖的响应程度不一致,云南滇中以西以南大部地区雾日频次对气候变暖有着极好的响应,即偏暖时期,雾日频次偏少,而偏冷时期则偏多.