倡导自主学习，促进主动发展

学生是学习的主人。叶圣陶先生说：“学语文主要靠学生自己读书，自己领悟。”强调的是“自读自悟”。现代教学论认为，教师应调动学生学习的积极性，教会学生学习，让学生成为学习的主人。充分相信学生，把学习的主动权交给学生，为学生提供自主学习空间，促进学生主动发展。因此，改革课堂教学，倡导自主学习，促进主动发展，是语文教师应该认真探索的课题。     

以学生为中心的实验教学课堂组织形式研究

以学生为中心，就要依据学生个人的发展和社会发展的实际需要，以尊重学生的主体性和主动精神，注重开发学生的智慧和潜能，注重形成学生健全个性为根本目的，从注重学生的全面发展出发，培养学生的终身学习兴趣和科学探索精神。这就需要改变学生的学习方式，更重要的是改变教师的教学方式。而化学是一门以实验为基础的学科，实验是学生获取感性认识的最佳途径，是培养学生化学兴趣，培养学生自主学习、探究学习能力，     

在生物实验教学中训练学生的思维能力强化

要提高初中学生的思维能力，可在学生生物实验中激发学生的思维积极性，训练学生的思维操作技能，培养学生的思维逻辑性，从而提高学生科学的思维能力。     

抓好学生提问 提高教学效果

数学课堂提问是优化课堂教学的必要手段之一，也是教师教学艺术的重要组成部分。恰如其分的提问不但可以活跃课堂气氛，激发学生学习兴趣，了解学生掌握知识情况，而且可以开启学生心灵，诱发学生思考，开发学生智能，调节学生思维节奏，与学生作情感的双向交流。通过提问，可以引导学生进行回忆、对比、分析、综合和概括，达到培养学生综合素质的目的。     

发挥学生主体作用 培养学习历史兴趣

新课程标准明确指出：“学生是学习和发展的主体，历史课程必须根据学生身心发展和历史学习的特点，关注学生的个体差异和不同的学习需求，爱护学生的好奇心、求知欲，充分激发学生的主动意识和进取精神，倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式。”因此，高中历史教学中，教师必须做好组织和引导工作，把主体地位还给学生，突出以学生为中心，体现“以人为本”的思想，尊重学生的个性，给学生以充分的想象空间，激发学生的求知欲，培养学生学习历史的兴趣，从而积极主动参与学习，并获得愉悦感、成就感和自信心。     

浅谈多媒体在语文教学中的作用

多媒体在学生愉悦学习、创新学习中发挥着巨大的作用：一是运用多媒体弄清文章篇章结构，理清思路；二是运用多媒体发展学生的想象能力，引导学生去积极地思维，提高学生的思维能力；此外，运用多媒体提高学生对唐宋诗词的欣赏能力，陶冶学生的情操，提高其文化素养和阅读欣赏水平，激发学生的创造思维，提高创新能力，并促进学生身心健康。     

中外合作办学模式下学生管理制度伦理探析

中外合作办学高校中学生管理工作对学生的成长和个人发展至关重要，然而反观我国中外合作办学高校目前的学生制度管理现状，实在不容乐观。管理工作者往往认为教师和管理者处于主体位置，而学生则处于被管理、被塑造的位置，却忽视了其为学生提供服务的职责。这些都是学生制度管理没有树立伦理理念的必然结果。树立正确的制度管理伦理理念，尊重学生人格个性，满足学生需求，激发学生潜能，实现学生价值，提升学生生活质量，实现学生自由全面发展，这样才能培养国际商务型复合人才。     

关注特殊学生是做好学生管理工作的关键

做好学生管理工作，首先要了解学生，掌握学生思想变化，除了加强日常管理，提高管理水平外，关注特殊学生是做好学生管理工作的关键，是前提和保障。     

中学数学思维能力培养尝试

本文通过解题教学，让学生钻研教材，启发学生提出问题，引导学生分析问题，强调思维过程。选用恰当的数学方法，最后让学生自己解决问题，以及数学知识在社会生活中的应用，以培养学生的数学兴趣和求知欲，提高学生的数学水平和能力，由应试教育向素质教育转化，促进素质教育的顺利实施。     

学生助理辅导员在我院新生管理工作中的实践与探索

在高职教育不断发展的今天，学生数量激增，但是学生管理的人员和学生数量的增长明显不成正比，因此我们作为学生管理人员，必须探索学生管理的新模式，本文就对学生助理辅导员在学生管理工作中的实践进行探索，对于这些学生要进行有针对性的选拔，做岗前培训等一系列的工作，他们有效地分担了辅导员的工作压力，将辅导员从繁重的事务性工作中解脱出来，使他们有更多的时间和精力投入到学生工作深层次研究上，有效的拓宽了学生工作的范围。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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