冠状耳霉碱性蛋白酶的生产及应用

冠状耳霉（Ｃｏｎｉｄｉｏｂｏｌｕｓｃｏｒｏ ｎａｔｕｓ）属接合菌亚门虫霉目 ,是一种常见的昆虫病原真菌 ,可侵染同翅目、鳞翅目、缨翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目昆虫以及蛛形纲的某些成员。该菌在侵染昆虫完成体壁穿透的过程中常分泌多种酶系 ,主要有蛋白酶、几丁质酶、脂酶、Ｄｎａｓｅ等。这些胞外酶系对侵入昆虫血腔、降解组织、破坏昆虫免疫系统起着重要的作用 ,其中对昆虫体壁降解最重要的酶系是胞外蛋白酶。冠状耳霉分泌的胞外蛋白酶均属碱性蛋白酶 ,该酶在ｐＨ值呈碱性的条件下具有最大酶活力 ,主要是在入侵昆虫坚硬的体壁过程中起水解…     

近十年海洋来源木霉属真菌次生代谢产物研究进展

木霉（Trichoderma spp.）是一类自然界广泛存在于土壤中的真菌类群,属于半知菌门（Deuteromycotina）丝孢目（Moniliales）木霉属（Trichoderma sp.）。海洋中的木霉属真菌因其高盐、高压和缺氧的特殊环境,能够产生更多结构新颖、生物活性独特的次生代谢产物。木霉属真菌的次生代谢产物主要包括聚酮、肽类、萜类以及其他类型,这些化合物具有细胞毒、抗菌、酶抑制等多种生物活性。本文综述近十年来海洋来源木霉属真菌中分离的新次生代谢产物,并对这些新化合物的生物活性进行归纳总结。     

云南西部地区的捕食线虫真菌

 用诱饵平板法从云南西部海拔740～4200m地区的707份土样中共检测到捕食线虫真菌4个属,42种,其中未描述种1个(中甸隔指孢Dactylella zhongdianensis),新记录种2个:异形梗虫霉(Stylopage anomala)、原生单顶孢(Monacrosporium inquisitor).对土样的地理位置、海拔、生境类型的分析结果表明:少孢节丛孢(Arthrobotrys oligospora)是云南西部地区的优势种;在海拔1600～2500m的低山地带和亚热带低山长绿阔叶林中的捕食线虫真菌最为丰富.     

白地霉产漆酶条件优化及对偶氮染料的脱色

从印染废水中筛选出一株产漆酶的真菌,经鉴定为白地霉(Geotrichum candi-dum).对该白地霉M3产漆酶的条件和所得漆酶对偶氮染料的脱色能力进行研究.结果表明:葡萄糖、氯化铵为白地霉M3产漆酶的最佳碳源和氮源,产漆酶优化培养基包含2g/L的葡萄糖、1.5 g/L的氯化铵、0.015 mmol/L的愈创木酚和0.05 mmol/L的硫酸铜.使用5 L机械搅拌式发酵罐和7 L气升式发酵罐在优化培养基条件下培养白地霉M3,最高漆酶酶活分别达到23.8和36.9μmoL/(s·L),气升式发酵罐更适合白地霉M3产漆酶.获取的粗漆酶液处理偶氮染料1.5 h后,脱色率达到90.2%;可见-紫外光谱扫描分析表明白地霉M3所产漆酶能降解偶氮染料.     

梵净山丛枝菌根真菌三个中国新记录种

对贵州省梵净山自然保护区进行丛枝菌根真菌资源调查时,从植物根际土壤中分离鉴定出三个中国新记录种,分别为网纹双型囊霉Ambispora reticulata、光亮多样孢囊霉Diversispora clara和高山隔球囊霉Septoglomus altomontanum,对其进行了详细的形态描述和图示。     

短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)与短梗霉多糖发酵

短梗霉多糖系短梗霉发酵产物,它具有巨大的经济价值。短梗霉是一种多形态真菌,具有复杂的生活史,并且其形态学变化与其多糖合成之间关系密切。本文就短梗霉及其发酵特点进行较详细的综述。     

巨孢球囊霉的富集培养研究

以玉米、三叶草为寄主植物,不同比例的土沙混合物(1∶1;3∶2;3∶1)为培养基质分别接种2种巨孢球囊霉真菌孢子,富集培养100 d后取样调查.结果表明,玉米和三叶草都能与珠状巨孢球囊霉和玫瑰红巨孢球囊霉共生形成丛枝菌根,锥虫蓝染色菌根显微结构清晰;菌根侵染率三叶草高于玉米;不同寄主植物和培养基质对AM真菌富集培养产孢的影响有明显差异.以三叶草为寄主,土沙比为1∶1时,玫瑰红巨孢球囊霉产孢率最高,达211个/100 g基质.     

头孢霉ALO31真菌次生代谢产物中甘露醇的提取

分别从具有抗细菌、真菌活性的头孢霉AL031真菌液体发酵物和固体发酵物中,不经过柱层析,提取分离D-甘露醇,通过理化常数和波谱分析鉴定了其结构;并比较了D-甘露醇的获得率.该研究为综合利用此真菌资源提供了科学依据.     

中国蛙类原虫与棘头虫名录

为了解我国蛙类原虫与棘头虫的种类与地理分布,收集了报道我国蛙类原虫与棘头虫的相关文献,依据较新的原虫与棘头虫分类系统整理成名录.共记录在中国31种蛙体内检出原虫61种,隶属于7门、11纲、12目、14科、23属;棘头虫8种,隶属于1门、2纲、2目、2科、3属.列出了每种原虫和棘头虫的中文名称、拉丁文名称、命名人与命名年、宿主与寄生部位、地理分布及文献来源等信息,为较全面了解我国蛙类原虫与棘头虫的种类情况提供了基础材料.     

虫生真菌在害虫生物防治中的应用研究

虫生真菌是农作物害虫的一类重要致病菌,广泛分布于自然界。虫生真菌的筛选、大量生产技术以及制剂的制备都有了较大的发展。随着研究的不断深入,虫生真菌具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了近几年来国内外虫生真菌的研究状况,着重介绍了虫生真菌的致病机制及在害虫生物防治中的应用。     

Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b(Cytb)to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis.Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus,and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique.The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method.The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus.Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions.The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus.Thus,the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin.Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on spe- cific and generic level.The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%,except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence.Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis,but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed.To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by ampli- fying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach,which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations,especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b (Cytb) to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis. Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus, and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique. The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method. The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus. Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions. The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus. Thus, the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin. Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on specific and generic level. The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%, except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence. Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis, but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed. To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by amplifying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach, which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations, especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

金沙江干热河谷人工林地表昆虫群落

为弄清金沙江干热河谷不同人工林地表昆虫多样性及其在恢复中的指示作用,采用陷阱法调查了元谋县境内7种人工林的地表昆虫群落.① 物种组成:金沙江干热河谷人工林旱季地表昆虫有5目7科24种2 162头,其中膜翅目昆虫最丰富,占所有地表昆虫个体数的98.4%和物种数的75.0%;雨季地表昆虫有12目49科98种2 744头,其中膜翅目个体数最多,鞘翅目种类最多.金沙江干热河谷人工林旱季地表昆虫群落组成和雨季截然不同,雨季地表昆虫群落物种组成比旱季复杂,植被性质相同或接近的样带具有相似的地表昆虫组成.② 多度和多样性:大多数人工林旱季地表昆虫群落多度和多样性低于雨季,旱季印楝林地表昆虫多度最高,显著高于桉树林、膏桐-新银合欢林和印楝-合欢林;雨季印楝林和印楝-大叶相思林地表昆虫多度最高,显著高于桉树林,印楝-大叶相思林物种丰富度S值最高,显著高于膏桐-新银合欢林.③ 地表昆虫多样性与植物多样性间的相关性:人工林旱季地表昆虫群落的多样性与植物群落的多样性密切相关.研究表明:除膏桐-新银合欢林生物多样性较低、恢复状况较差外,其它人工林生物多样性相对较高、恢复状况较好;这些人工林彼此间具有不太相似的地表昆虫物种组成,在当地生物多样性保护中具有积极意义.金沙江干热河谷人工林旱季地表昆虫多样性与植物多样性密切相关,能够指示植物群落的多样性水平.     

大气污染对森林昆虫种群动态的影响研究进展

概述了大气污染对森林昆虫种群时空动态的影响以及可能的作用机制，指明了今后的研究方向。目前我国大气污染严重，应重视和加强大气污染对森林昆虫种群动态影响的研究。     

新疆昌吉市棉花害虫种类及防治现状调查

对昌吉市棉花害虫种类进行了调查.结果表明:棉花害虫(螨)有17种,其中害螨4种,为害严重的害虫(螨)有棉铃虫、棉蚜、棉叶螨等.文章阐述了昌吉市棉花主要害虫的危害及防治现状,提出了今后对棉花害虫(螨)综合治理的意见和建议.     

广西猫儿山自然保护区昆虫考察报告

猫儿山自然保护区已定名的昆虫计有１５目９６科２８３属３８５种。其中，鳞翅目、半翅目、直翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、同翅目和双翅目的种类较丰富，约占总数的８８．６％。昆虫区系结构以东洋种为主，占６２．８３％，东洋古北兼有种、古北种、广布种分别占２６．４６％、３．１１％和３．８９％。在东洋种中，中缅亚区种明显多于马菲亚区种。蝗虫类、蝽象类和蝴蝶类是猫儿山昆虫垂直分布的代表性类群。对猫儿山不同生态环境下的昆虫分布特点和经济昆虫进行了分析。     

钦州港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性初步研究

对钦州港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性进行了初步研究，结果；钦州港红树林昆虫种类较少，有２０种；优势种为黑褐圆盾蚧、白囊蓑蛾和海滨伊蚊；在秋季，卷蛾科的Ｌｏｓｉｏｇｎａｔｈａｓｐ．发生猖獗，造成大面积桐花树受害；昆虫群落的多样性和均匀性在各季节均较低，这与现钦州港红树林生态地理环境遭受严重破坏密切相关．     

河北小五台山鳞翅目昆虫区系组成分析

通过对河北省小五台山鳞翅目昆虫的调查统计,整理出39科516属871种.其中优势科有夜蛾科Noctuidae,尺蛾科Geometridae,草螟科Crambidae,卷蛾科Tortricidae等;在世界动物地理区划中,小五台山鳞翅目昆虫为典型的古北界分布型,古北界成分共计223种,占总数的26.17%;古北界和东洋界共有成分共计544种,占总数的63.85%,其他区系成分所占比例仅为9.96%,说明其与东洋界的联系紧密,两界鳞翅目昆虫相互渗透,而与其他几界关系远.在中国动物地理区划中,小五台山鳞翅目昆虫分布广泛,与东北区关系紧密,复计种数为71.24%,与西藏区关系较远.     

The origins of insect metamorphosis.

Insect metamorphosis is a fascinating and highly successful biological adaptation, but there is much uncertainty as to how it evolved. Ancestral insect species did not undergo metamorphosis and there are still some existing species that lack metamorphosis or undergo only partial metamorphosis. Based on endocrine studies and morphological comparisons of the development of insect species with and without metamorphosis, a novel hypothesis for the evolution of metamorphosis is proposed. Changes in the endocrinology of development are central to this hypothesis. The three stages of the ancestral insect species-pronymph, nymph and adult-are proposed to be equivalent to the larva, pupa and adult stages of insects with complete metamorphosis. This proposal has general implications for insect developmental biology.