惰性气体含量对深层地下水形成温度的示踪意义分析

惰性气体在地下水中的溶解量主要取决于水温和气体分压 ,而且溶解度在常见的水温范围内是水温的单调函数 .因此 ,当深层地下水系统处于封闭状态 ,系统中不存在蜕变成因或变质成因的惰性气体源时 ,可将溶解的惰性气体作为指示地下水形成温度的天然示踪剂 .     

惰性气体含量对深层地下水形成温度的踪意义分析

惰性气体在地下水中的溶解量主要取决于水温和气体分压,而且溶解度在常见的水温范围内是水温的单调函数,因此,当深层地下水系统处于封闭状态,系统中不存在蜕变成因或变质成因的惰性气体源时,可将溶解的惰性气体作为批示地下水形成温度的天然示踪剂。     

一个新型臭氧微气泡系统的臭氧液相传质特性研究

臭氧的快速溶解和气液相之间的高效传质是臭氧接触氧化工艺的关键过程,微气泡是提高臭氧气液传质速率的一种有效溶解方式.因此,为探究臭氧微气泡的液相传质特性,建立了一种新型臭氧微气泡产生系统,研究不同的pH、水温、进气流量、压力等条件下微气泡水溶液中臭氧的溶解特性.结果表明:该装置产生的微气泡粒径约42.66 pm.臭氧的表...     

加酶洗衣粉为什么要用温水溶解

平时,妈妈用洗衣粉洗衣服时,总会 先用水将洗衣粉溶解,然后再把衣服浸泡 进去。不过,我发现妈妈在溶解加酶洗衣 粉时,总是很注意水温,她说水温过高,加 酶洗衣粉就会失效了,这是为什么呢?     

车用发动机台架宽水温控制冷却系统

研制冷却系统,以进行发动机低水温台架试验.以水箱恒温水对汽油机稳定工况大循环冷却系统进行实验,得出冷却水温不变的结论.据此叙述系统主要研制技术和水温控制原理.系统采用旁通阀手动排泄适宜的进箱前冷却水量,用浮球阀自动向箱内补充等排泄量的冷水,使箱内水温稳定,并进行试验与性能分析.结果表明:汽油机在转速4000 r.min-1时各水温控制精度≤0.3℃,满足试验要求.此冷却系统运行可靠,实现在30～97℃之间任一冷却水温控制及节能减排.     

高温氩气的辐射

高温下的气体要进行各种各样的物理和物理-化学过程,光辐射就是其中之一。高温氩气的辐射属于惰性气体辐射,意义重大、对单原子惰性气体,由于它的声速小,比热比大,在激波管中易获得高温,使其受到激发。过去,F.H.Mies,H.E.Petschek等人,曾对惰性气体的辐射给予报道,但他们二区或五区的温度均在万K以上。惰性气体在万K以下的辐射是否与万K以上的相同呢?     

成品油轮惰气发生器(IGG)系统原理及管理建议

惰性气体发生器(IGG)在成品油轮上主要是向货舱提供一定压力和含氧量的惰性气体,置换出可燃性气体以及在舱内安全作业时提供新鲜空气。本文基于某轮惰气发生器(IGG)系统—挪威Air Products AS,阐述系统的组成、工作原理以及主要部件的作用。同时根据笔者的工作经验,介绍了此系统的典型故障处理以及常规维护保养。     

低磁场下激光泵浦超极化惰性气体研究

为了获得高极化度的惰性气体,采用激光泵浦的方法可以使没有放射性的惰性气体同位素(如129Xe、3He)的自旋极化度得到极大增强.圆柱形的玻璃泵浦室内充满天然氙气、氮气、铷蒸气和氦气的混合气体,压力维持在1 MPa左右.泵浦室放置在30Gs的均匀磁场内,并被加热到318～352K.中心波长为794.7 nm的圆偏振激光均匀照射泵浦室对碱金属及惰性气体进行泵浦极化.其获得的非平衡极化度远远高于在相同磁场里玻尔兹曼平衡值.增强的核自旋极化度,可以使惰性气体同位素核磁共振的灵敏度提高104～105倍.     

扫描探针电子能谱仪的数据获取系统的研制

报道了我们自行搭建的扫描探针电子能谱仪的数据获取系统的物理实现.该系统包括二维位置灵敏电信号的编码、读出以及后续的在线数据采集和离线数据处理.对惰性气体Ar的初步测量充分验证了该系统的可靠性与稳定性.     

惰性气体对甲烷爆炸极限的影响

利用公式△U=-0.1196n/λ计算20℃、0.1MPa、惰性气体处于临界浓度时甲烷爆炸反应形成的温度T2,进而计算了爆炸形成的压力p2.若惰性气体为CO2,则T2=1380K,p2=0.47MPa;若惰性气体为CCl4,则T2=1372K,p2=0.47MPa;若惰性气体为N2,则为T2=1361K,p2=0.46MPa;若惰性气体为Ar,则T2=1354K,p2=0.46MPa;若无惰性气体,甲烷的浓度为爆炸下限,则T2=1341K,p2=0.46MPa.     

Seawater subduction controls the heavy noble gas composition of the mantle

The relationship between solar volatiles and those now in the Earth's atmosphere and mantle reservoirs provides insight into the processes controlling the acquisition of volatiles during planetary accretion and their subsequent evolution. Whereas the light noble gases (helium and neon) in the Earth's mantle preserve a solar-like isotopic composition, heavy noble gases (argon, krypton and xenon) have an isotopic composition very similar to that of the modern atmosphere, with radiogenic and (in the case of xenon) solar contributions. Mantle noble gases in a magmatic CO2 natural gas field have been previously corrected for shallow atmosphere/groundwater and crustal additions. Here we analyse new data from this field and show that the elemental composition of non-radiogenic heavy noble gases in the mantle is remarkably similar to that of sea water. We challenge the popular concept of a noble gas 'subduction barrier'--the convecting mantle noble gas isotopic and elemental composition is explained by subduction of sediment and seawater-dominated pore fluids. This accounts for approximately 100% of the non-radiogenic argon and krypton and 80% of the xenon. Approximately 50% of the convecting mantle water concentration can then be explained by this mechanism. Enhanced recycling of subducted material to the mantle plume source region then accounts for the lower ratio of radiogenic to non-radiogenic heavy noble gas isotopes and higher water content of plume-derived basalts.     

Palaeotemperature reconstruction from noble gases in ground water taking into account equilibration with entrapped air

Noble-gas concentrations in ground water have been used as a proxy for past air temperatures, but the accuracy of this approach has been limited by the existence of a temperature-independent component of the noble gases in ground water, termed 'excess air' whose origin and composition is poorly understood. In particular, the evidence from noble gases in a Brazilian aquifer for a cooling of more than 5 C in tropical America during the Last Glacial Maximum has been called into question. Here we propose a model for dissolved gases in ground water, which describes the formation of excess air by equilibration of ground water with entrapped air in quasi-saturated soils. Our model predicts previously unexplained noble-gas data sets, including the concentration of atmospheric helium, and yields consistent results for the non-atmospheric helium isotopes that are used for dating ground water. Using this model of excess air, we re-evaluate the use of noble gases from ground water for reconstructing past temperatures. Our results corroborate the inferred cooling in Brazil during the Last Glacial Maximum, and indicate that even larger cooling took place at mid-latitudes.     

气浮净水自换气溶气法溶解度分析

对加压气浮净水系统中溶气水饱和溶解度进行了理论分析和量化，认为一般情况下溶气罐中混合气体的饱和溶解度比新鲜空气低10％左右。提出一种新的自换气式溶气方法，在不排出溶气罐中旧气体的情况下对其进行强化溶解，再泵入新鲜空气，可使溶气罐中混合气体的平均亨利常数提高，在相同条件下溶气水的饱和溶解度随之提高，相应的泵水量及系统能耗降低。     

Parametric dependence of the line emissions in sonoluminescence

Based on a series of spectral measurements of sonoluminescence, this paper investigates parametric dependence of the line emissions in single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) and multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL). The experiments show that the intensities of the OH* radical line, the sodium line and the noble gas lines in SBSL are relevant to the driving pressure of the acoustic field and the concentration of the noble gases dissolved in host liquids. The intensity of line emissions in total spectrum increases with the decreasing driving pressure and the increasing concentration of noble gases. Parametric dependence of line emissions in MBSL consists with that in SBSL. Line emissions in sonoluminescence should correspond to lower temperature inside the bubbles. SBSL and MBSL share the same spectral structure, and the difference between them found by previous experiments should result from the different temperatures inside bubbles.     

Supergene mobility of noble metal elements in black rock series

In order to discuss the supergene mobility of noble metal elements in black rock series, measurements have been conducted with ICP-MS method for the contents of Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, Au and Ag in the primary jordisite-rich black shale ore, in the supergene leached jordisite-rich black shale ore, in the pyrite-rich black shale ore and in the water of pit, well and stream of the mining area near Zhongnan Village, Zunyi District of Guizhou Province. The temperature, pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen of the water were also measured. The pit water is acidic with high electrical conductivity and low dissolved oxygen. The total content of platinum group elements in the primary pyrite-rich black shale ore is only 1/13 of that in the primary jordisite-rich black shale ore. The Ag content in the former is only a half of that in the latter while the Au contents in the two kinds of ores are almost the same. Being leached under supergene condition, the contents of most of the noble metal elements except Au in the jordisite-rich black shale ore greatly decrease; the leaching rates of Rh, Pd, Pt, the total platinum group elements and Ag reach as high as 66.72%～74.79%, revealing that under supergene condition, platinum group elements and Ag can migrate along with water; the ratios of Ag/Au, Pd/Ru, Pt/Ir and(Pt+Pd)/(Ru+Rh+Ir) are remarkably decreased, displaying that Pt and Pd relative to Ru, Rh and Ir, Ag relative to Au bear more active mobility. The noble metal elements in the black rock series near Zhongnan Village might be mobilized and migrate under the procession of "cold water" rich in [SO4]2- with pH value being about 2.4 at a temperature below 50 ℃.     

Noble gas isotopic compositions of deep carbonate rocks from the Tarim Basin

Abundances and isotopic compositions of noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr) with various existence states in carbonate rocks from the Tacan1 Well have been investigated by means of the stepwise heating technique. The elemental abundance patterns of noble gases in the samples show the enrichment of heavy noble gases and depletion of ²⁰Ne relative to the atmosphere, which are designated as type-Ⅰand are similar to that observed in water, natural gases and sedimentary rocks. The ³He/⁴He ratios of deep carbonate samples at lower and medium temperature (300—700℃) and a majority of samples at higher temperature (1100—1500℃) steps are very similar to those of natural gases in the same strata in this area, this feature of radiogenic crustal helium shows that the Tazhong Uplift is relatively stable. However, significant helium and argon isotopic anomalies are found at the 1100℃ step in the Middle-Upper Ordovician carbonate rock, suggesting the incorporation of mantle-derived volatiles, this may be due to minor igneous minerals contained in sedimentary carbonate rocks. The ⁴⁰Ar/ ³⁶Ar ratios in the Cambrian carbonate rock are slightly higher than those in Ordovician carbonate rocks, which may reflect the influence of the chronologic accumulation effect of crust radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar. Argon isotopes of various existence states in source rocks are much more different, both ³⁸Ar/ ³⁶Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/ ³⁶Ar ratios at the higher temperature steps are higher than those at the lower temperature steps.     

宁夏西部兴仁盆地地下水水化学特征

对宁夏西部兴仁盆地地下水水化学特征进行了研究．结果显示,地下水水质较差,由补给区的硫酸重碳酸型微咸水向排泄区过渡为卤化物硫酸型苦咸水,随深度的增加由苦咸水过渡为微咸水;溶滤与蒸发作用是导致地下水矿化度较高的主要原因,随矿化度的升高,SO1^2-,Cl^-和Na^＋的含量迅速增加;水中F^-质量浓度普遍偏高,NO3^-质量浓度随含水层埋深的加大而减小,丰枯期变化明显．地下水同位素证明,研究区地下水主要来源为大气降水补给,浅层地下水的年龄低于深层地下水;在盆地灌区内,深层地下水的补给模式已发生改变,已接受上部潜水的越流补给．     

秋浇对内蒙古义长灌域地下水动态的影响

秋浇是河套灌区一种特有的灌溉制度,对灌区农业可持续发展起到至关重要的作用.本文以河套灌区义长灌域为研究区,收集了研究区近30a的监测资料,分析义长灌域引排水盐量变化特征及秋浇对地下水盐的影响.研究结果表明:1981—2010年研究区引排水与引排盐量变化趋势相似,引水量相对稳定,引盐量呈上升趋势;排水、排盐量变化幅度较大,增减频繁.研究区排水、排盐效果差,多年平均排水、排盐量分别占引水、引盐量的4.80%和11.06%,灌区长年处于积盐状态.秋浇占全年引排水盐量的比例较大,尤以排盐所占比例最大,多年平均秋浇排盐量占年排盐量的53.81%.秋浇对地下水位影响显著,秋浇前后地下水位相差较大,秋浇后地下水位为全年最高水位.秋浇虽具有良好的压盐效果,但不具备减少灌区积盐、改善地下水水质的效果.提高研究区排水排盐能力是改善义长灌域地下水环境的首要任务.     

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河流域的水资源与矿源意义

通过分析那棱格勒河流域水循环及水化学演化特征,对区域水资源及携带的矿产资源地质意义或潜在价值进行探讨。结果表明,那棱格勒河水循环特征表现为时空异质性大,径流主要集中于山区,四季变化很大。地下水动态年际或季节性波动明显异于一般干旱盆地,丰水期表现为水位显著上涨趋势,表明水循环条件优越,补给更新周期快。流域中下游地表水、地下水含有高背景浓度的硼、锂、钾等元素,且具有来自深源流体源源不断的补充,径流年输入总量至少数千上万吨,仅洪积扇带150 m以上地下水储存总量也在10万t级以上。流域水资源丰富,上游支流适当调水,既可增加其中溶解的硼、锂、钾等矿产元素总量,又保证了青藏线的安全,同时补充出山口调走的水量,保持动态平衡。