International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations

Human activities are causing Earth's sixth major extinction event-an accelerating decline of the world's stocks of biological diversity at rates 100 to 1,000 times pre-human levels. Historically, low-impact intrusion into species habitats arose from local demands for food, fuel and living space. However, in today's increasingly globalized economy, international trade chains accelerate habitat degradation far removed from the place of consumption. Although adverse effects of economic prosperity and economic inequality have been confirmed, the importance of international trade as a driver of threats to species is poorly understood. Here we show that a significant number of species are threatened as a result of international trade along complex routes, and that, in particular, consumers in developed countries cause threats to species through their demand of commodities that are ultimately produced in developing countries. We linked 25,000 Animalia species threat records from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List to more than 15,000 commodities produced in 187 countries and evaluated more than 5?billion supply chains in terms of their biodiversity impacts. Excluding invasive species, we found that 30% of global species threats are due to international trade. In many developed countries, the consumption of imported coffee, tea, sugar, textiles, fish and other manufactured items causes a biodiversity footprint that is larger abroad than at home. Our results emphasize the importance of examining biodiversity loss as a global systemic phenomenon, instead of looking at the degrading or polluting producers in isolation. We anticipate that our findings will facilitate better regulation, sustainable supply-chain certification and consumer product labelling.     

论我国所面临的非传统安全威胁及主要应对方略

非传统安全和传统安全同属于综合安全观范畴，而非传统安全威胁的日益凸显，则在一定程度上催生了综合安全观的产生和发展。对分别来自于政治、经济、环境和信息等四大领域的非传统安全威胁进行分析研究，可以较全面地了解我国所面临的各种非传统安全威胁与其他国家的共性和个性，从而提出相应措施。     

Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris

Colonization by alien species poses one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Here I investigate the colonization by marine organisms of drift debris deposited on the shores of 30 remote islands from the Arctic to the Antarctic (across all oceans) and find that human litter more than doubles the rafting opportunities for biota, particularly at high latitudes. Although the poles may be protected from invasion by freezing sea surface temperatures, these may be under threat as the fastest-warming areas anywhere are at these latitudes.     

Governance and the loss of biodiversity

Most of the world's biodiversity occurs within developing countries that require donor support to build their conservation capacity. Unfortunately, some of these countries experience high levels of political corruption, which may limit the success of conservation projects by reducing effective funding levels and distorting priorities. We investigated whether changes in three well surveyed and widespread components of biodiversity were associated with national governance scores and other socio-economic measures. Here we show that governance scores were correlated with changes in total forest cover, but not with changes in natural forest cover. We found strong associations between governance scores and changes in the numbers of African elephants and black rhinoceroses, and these socio-economic factors explained observed patterns better than any others. Finally, we show that countries rich in species and identified as containing priority areas for conservation have lower governance scores than other nations. These results stress the need for conservationists to develop and implement policies that reduce the effects of political corruption and, in this regard, we question the universal applicability of an influential approach to conservation that seeks to ban international trade in endangered species.     

Solutions for a cultivated planet

Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically malnourished while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity and climate on a global scale. To meet the world's future food security and sustainability needs, food production must grow substantially while, at the same time, agriculture's environmental footprint must shrink dramatically. Here we analyse solutions to this dilemma, showing that tremendous progress could be made by halting agricultural expansion, closing 'yield gaps' on underperforming lands, increasing cropping efficiency, shifting diets and reducing waste. Together, these strategies could double food production while greatly reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.     

Cloud Virtual Machine Lifecycle Security Framework Based on Trusted Computing

As a foundation component of cloud computing platforms, Virtual Machines(VMs) are confronted with numerous security threats. However, existing solutions tend to focus on solving threats in a specific state of the VM. In this paper, we propose a novel VM lifecycle security protection framework based on trusted computing to solve the security threats to VMs throughout their entire lifecycle. Specifically, a concept of the VM lifecycle is presented divided up by the different active conditions of the VM. Then, a trusted computing based security protection framework is developed, which can extend the trusted relationship from trusted platform module to the VM and protect the security and reliability of the VM throughout its lifecycle. The theoretical analysis shows that our proposed framework can provide comprehensive safety to VM in all of its states. Furthermore, experiment results demonstrate that the proposed framework is feasible and achieves a higher level of security compared with some state-of-the-art schemes.     

基于成员角色划分的威胁分析及预防

在集成Web服务的网格计算环境中,为提高安全等级及预防威胁,基于用户任务计算过程中的参与者角色划分,提出了一种新的威胁分类方法和相应的威胁模型.在面向服务的架构中,构建了协同利用基本的安全服务和工具提供多层次防御威胁的安全模型.威胁分析既可作为正确设计安全服务的基础,又可进一步用于正确操作过程的开发.     

中国抗战对世界反法西斯战争胜利的伟大贡献

中国的抗日战争,不仅给日寇以决定性打击,捍卫了中华民族的独立,鼓舞了世界人民的反法西斯斗志,而且牵制了日本陆军主力,支援了盟国,粉碎了德、日法西斯的全球战略计划,从而为世界反法西斯战争的胜利作出了伟大贡献。     

船舶压载水处理方法及技术概况(英文)

船舶压载水携带的外来入侵性海洋物种对全球海洋生物多样性和生态系统环境造成巨大危害.探讨处理船舶压载水的方法和技术的优缺点,防治船舶压载水带来的海洋生物入侵和传播,保护海洋环境.     

A biodiversity intactness index

The nations of the world have set themselves a target of reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. Here, we propose a biodiversity intactness index (BII) for assessing progress towards this target that is simple and practical--but sensitive to important factors that influence biodiversity status--and which satisfies the criteria for policy relevance set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Application of the BII is demonstrated on a large region (4 x 10(6) km2) of southern Africa. The BII score in the year 2000 is about 84%: in other words, averaged across all plant and vertebrate species in the region, populations have declined to 84% of their presumed pre-modern levels. The taxonomic group with the greatest loss is mammals, at 71% of pre-modern levels, and the ecosystem type with the greatest loss is grassland, with 74% of its former populations remaining. During the 1990s, a population decline of 0.8% is estimated to have occurred.     

基于触发式安全架构的无线传感网管理策略

无线传感器网络常常会受到各种安全威胁,特别是拒绝服务攻击,传统的方案无法建立全面的防御。在此提出一种安全管理架构,该架构针对各种攻击设置不同的安全级别并配置相应的规则,通过动态地激活相关安全组件,确保网络的安全性和可用性。仿真结果显示出该方案具有良好的节能性,能有效地延长网络的生命周期。     

分布式光纤网络中层级化安全威胁指数分析

为了评估分布式网络的安全状态,有效拦截攻击,避免传统方法可靠性和实用性低的弊端,提出一种新的分布式光纤网络中层级化安全威胁指数分析方法。通过层次分析法对不同威胁源对分布式光纤网络安全性的影响情况进行分析,建立安全威胁评估层级化模型。给出分析时间窗口内服务的威胁指数,对各种严重等级攻击的威胁指数等效性进行分析,以增强评价指标中较小者的显著性,防止威胁指数计算结果出现误差。介绍了不同时刻主机和网络系统的威胁指数。经实验发现,主机对网络威胁的影响程度大,网络在晚上遭遇攻击的概率大,网络管理员需更加防范。通过分析的安全威胁指数对网络安全状态进行评估,发现其可靠性和实用性强。     

不同威胁情况下无人机实时航路规划算法研究

针对无人机实时航路规划问题,分析安全影响威胁,建立了改进的威胁概率模型。在安全回避突发威胁的前提上,增加考虑了偏离预定航路飞行代价影响;以飞行总航程最短为目标建立了新的飞行模型。针对当前飞行航段出现单个突发威胁和多个处于不同排列情况的突发威胁(组)情况,给出了相应的最优航路分析;并设计了基于最短路思想的启发式算法。对三种场景进行算例仿真。仿真结果表明,模型和算法具有有效性和可行性,可以实时分析突发威胁,并规划出相对安全经济的实时航路。     

网络安全态势感知中的威胁情报技术

2016年,习近平总书记在全国网信工作座谈会上作出重要指示:要加强大数据挖掘分析,更好感知网络安全态势,做好风险防范.为应对网络安全面临的严峻挑战,很多大型行业及企业响应国家政策号召,积极倡导、建设和应用态势感知系统.网络安全态势感知是保障网络安全的有效手段,利用态势感知发现潜在威胁、做出响应已经成为网络安全的研究重点...     

谈大学生安全问题与防范措施

高等教育大众化后,大学面临大量扩招后的人均教育管理资源贫乏的问题。优化安全管理、加强安全教育和自我防范意识已成为大学迫切要解决的难题。校园安全威胁主要有人身安全、财产安全、人际安全威胁。根据安全威胁的存在因素,我们要从加强安全制度建设、强调安全细化管理、养成安全防范意识、共同塑造和谐的文明环境等方面消除安全隐患,建立坚固的校园安全堡垒。     

Parallel extinction risk and global distribution of languages and species

There are global threats to biodiversity with current extinction rates well above background levels. Although less well publicized, numerous human languages have also become extinct, and others are threatened with extinction. However, estimates of the number of threatened languages vary considerably owing to the wide range of criteria used. For example, languages have been classified as threatened if the number of speakers is less than 100, 500, 1,000, 10,000, 20,000 or 100,000 (ref. 3). Here I show, by applying internationally agreed criteria for classifying species extinction risk, that languages are more threatened than birds or mammals. Rare languages are more likely to show evidence of decline than commoner ones. Areas with high language diversity also have high bird and mammal diversity and all three show similar relationships to area, latitude, area of forest and, for languages and birds, maximum altitude. The time of human settlement has little effect on current language diversity. Although similar factors explain the diversity of languages and biodiversity, the factors explaining extinction risk for birds and mammals (high altitude, high human densities and insularity) do not explain the numbers of endangered languages.     

试论新时期联合国集体安全基本原则的发展

当前国际安全形势的深刻变化要求从法理上扩大联合国应对国际安全威胁的范畴.与发展和人权问题密切联系的跨国性和全球性问题正日益成为联合国安全制度关注的领域.国际安全概念的内涵和外延的扩展,也需要我们更全面理解联合国集体安全机制中的主权平等原则、不干涉内政原则和禁止武力使用或武力威胁等原则.如何继承、丰富和发展这些基本原则,强化联合国应对当前新的安全挑战和威胁的能力,从而进一步发挥联合国的集体安全效能,是国际社会面临的一个重大的理论和现实课题.     

基于分级的RFID隐私安全

随着标签制造成本的下降,RFID技术的应用必将更加广泛,随之带来一系列安全与隐私问题。文中介绍了RFID应用可能产生的安全与隐私威胁,以及数据保护的若干方案,描述了一个假定应用场合中的安全威胁,主要介绍基于分级的RFID隐私保护方法。     

Applications of systematic approaches in freshwater conservation planning

Systematic conservation planning （SCP） is a widely accepted biodiversity-focused approach to selecting priority areas for protection. Since freshwater ecosystems are globally in urgent need of more conservation and the development of freshwater protected areas has lagged behind such need, SCP is proposed to be widely applied in freshwater conservation. As SCP originates from terrestrial realms, freshwater-specific characteristics should be con- sidered when applied to freshwater systems. The chal- lenges mainly include difficulty in data collection for freshwater species and uncertainty in classification of coarse-filters for representation, while also considering the maintenance of natural connectivity in fresh waters and taking longitudinal, lateral, and climate-change-caused threats into account. Only by addressing these issues may the representativeness and persistence of freshwater bio- diversity be ensured in the proposed conservation network. Though challenging at times, the application of systematic approaches in freshwater conservation planning has been widely attempted throughout the last 12 years and applied in different freshwater ecosystems at different scales. In addition, the consideration of freshwater-specific issues has been becoming more and more comprehensive. This review divides the whole process of SCP into successive steps while discussing detailed applications of freshwater planning at each step. First, according to the review, each step attempts to explore many alternatives, such as usingsurrogates from the species level to the ecosystem level （or a combination within this range） to represent the spatial variation of freshwater biodiversity, deriving raw data from various sources to use for planning, applying different techniques to expand or integrate data, setting various target forms to ensure representativeness or persistence, considering existing protected areas in different ways in the process of planning, using priority principles in various paradigms for both representativ     

Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems

Viruses are the most abundant biological organisms of the world's oceans. Viral infections are a substantial source of mortality in a range of organisms-including autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton-but their impact on the deep ocean and benthic biosphere is completely unknown. Here we report that viral production in deep-sea benthic ecosystems worldwide is extremely high, and that viral infections are responsible for the abatement of 80% of prokaryotic heterotrophic production. Virus-induced prokaryotic mortality increases with increasing water depth, and beneath a depth of 1,000 m nearly all of the prokaryotic heterotrophic production is transformed into organic detritus. The viral shunt, releasing on a global scale approximately 0.37-0.63 gigatonnes of carbon per year, is an essential source of labile organic detritus in the deep-sea ecosystems. This process sustains a high prokaryotic biomass and provides an important contribution to prokaryotic metabolism, allowing the system to cope with the severe organic resource limitation of deep-sea ecosystems. Our results indicate that viruses have an important role in global biogeochemical cycles, in deep-sea metabolism and the overall functioning of the largest ecosystem of our biosphere.