秘书言语交际中的语境适应

语言是在语境中呈现,在语境中生成意义。秘书言语交际语境由各种不同而有联系的因素构成。秘书言语交际时,应该努力做到适应不同角色地位、不同的交际场合等语境要求,根据不同的交际内容,利用语境,选择恰当的交际表达形式,以顺利达到交际目的。     

Subtractive and divisive adaptation in the human visual system.

Sensory systems can adapt to the conditions imposed on them. In the visual system, adapting to a pattern increases the threshold of the ability to see that pattern, and reduces the perceived contrast of the pattern above threshold. Most neurons of the striate cortex reduce their responsiveness after being stimulated for some time by a high-contrast pattern. Such an effect may lie behind these psychophysical adaptation phenomena. These adaptation effects have been reported to be confined to patterns of similar orientation, which is understandable in that the visual neurons that adapt are only excited by a small range of orientations. Neurophysiological evidence suggests that neurons with different orientation preferences have inhibitory interconnections. It is therefore of interest to explore the possible effects of these connections on perception. Here we show that adapting to a horizontal pattern can reduce the perceived contrast of a vertical test pattern more than a horizontal test pattern. These 'cross-orientation' effects are modelled by a division-like process, whereas the more normal 'similar-orientation' effects are modelled by a subtractive process.     

基于相关子空间本征音分析的MAP快速自适应

本征音自适应是一种快速自适应算法 ,它根据对说话人矢量全空间的本征分析指导参数更新。该文提出一种基于子空间分析的本征音自适应算法 ,并且不同于一般本征音自适应采用最大似然准则的做法 ,该算法用最大后验准则以更好地估计参数。实验证明 ,在仅有 1句自适应数据的情况下它即能取得 6 .4 5 %的相对误识率下降 ,自适应速度远快于传统的最大后验方法 ,也不存在最大似然线性回归方法在极少数据量情况下反而造成系统识别性能下降的现象。结果表明该方法并不明显依赖相关子空间的划分数量 ,是一种稳健的自适应方法     

Conflict adaptation in the perception of emotional valence in a Stroop task

Interference effects are commonly observed when conflicts arise between task-relevant and task-irrelevant dimensions of stimuli. Compared with responses to congruent trials in which the two dimensions are compatible, responses to incongruent trials are usually slower and less accurate. Moreover, the performance in a given trial is affected by the nature of the preceding trial, in that the interference effect for the current incongruent trial is reduced when it follows an incongruent trial than when it follows a congruent one. This conflict adaptation effect has been generally ascribed to the functioning of the cognitive control system, in which higher controls are recruited after conflicts to further constrain the processing of the task-irrelevant dimension. However, due to its uniqueness in neural and cognitive processes, whether the perception of emotional valence shows the same conflict adaptation effect in the conflicting context is an open question. This study adopted a variant of the Stroop task in which the task-relevant dimension was the affective facial expression while the task-irrelevant dimension was the meaning of an emotional word superimposed on the face. Results suggest that the perception of emotional valence in the conflicting context can have aspects that are both similar and dissimilar to the control of conflict for non-emotional information. The capturing of attention by emotional information can alter the functioning of the cognitive control system.     

Changes in colour appearance following post-receptoral adaptation

Current models of colour vision assume that colour is represented by activity in three independent post-receptoral channels: two encoding chromatic information and one encoding luminance. An important feature of these models is that variations in certain directions in colour space modulate the response of only one of the channels. We have tested whether such models can predict how colour appearance is altered by adaptation-induced changes in post-receptoral sensitivity. In contrast to the changes predicted by three independent channels, colour appearance is always distorted away from the direction in colour space to which the observer has adapted. This suggests that at the level at which the adaptation effects occur, there is no colour direction that invariably isolates only a single post-receptoral channel.     

Conflict adaptation in the perception of emotional valence in a Stroop task

Interference effects are commonly observed when conflicts arise between task-relevant and task-irrelevant dimensions of stimuli. Compared with responses to congruent trials in which the two dimensions are compatible, responses to incongruent trials are usually slower and less accurate. Moreover, the performance in a given trial is affected by the nature of the preceding trial, in that the interference effect for the current incongruent trial is reduced when it follows an incongruent trial than when it follows a congruent one. This conflict adaptation effect has been generally ascribed to the functioning of the cognitive control system, in which higher controls are recruited after conflicts to further constrain the processing of the task-irrelevant dimension. However, due to its uniqueness in neural and cognitive processes, whether the perception of emotional valence shows the same conflict adaptation effect in the conflicting context is an open question. This study adopted a variant of the Stroop task in which the task-relevant dimension was the affective facial expression while the task-irrelevant dimension was the meaning of an emotional word superimposed on the face. Results suggest that the perception of emotional valence in the conflicting context can have aspects that are both similar and dissimilar to the control of conflict for non-emotional information. The capturing of attention by emotional information can alter the functioning of the cognitive control system.     

基于构件检索的构件适配模式

针对传统的规约匹配可能出现的部分匹配问题,定义了输入适配、输出适配、串行适配、选择适配和递归组合模式等5种构件适配模式,并将其按照原子构件和复合构件的适配方式进行分类．通过研究原子构件适配模式所具有的清晰的前后置条件约束和逻辑关系,进一步从适配理论上分析了相应的复合构件适配算法的可行性．将切片思想引入需求规约的描述,得到分解的子规约,能较好地精化检索条件,从而提高构件检索的杏伞率和杏准率,并提高库中构件的可复用件．     

代谢足迹技术及在代谢组学中的应用

系统地介绍了一种用于分析生物细胞和组织特异性的新战略——代谢足迹技术以及它在酵母细胞和人体组织中代谢分析的应用．代谢足迹技术是利用直接注射质谱方法,在分析系统中以培养基为介质,监控细胞从生长培养基中消耗营养物以及分泌代谢物至培养基的全部过程．也就是说。这是一种用高通量方法检测由细胞和组织分泌的代谢产物或从环境中吸收代谢物的定性和半定量的通用分析方法．     

小型鸟类代谢特征比较

在测定小Wu、栗Wu和普通朱雀的标准代谢率（SMR）的基础上,通过和世界鸟类代谢率的比较,找出鸟类代谢率和纬度的相关性,为鸟类能学的研究和生态系统中能流模型的建造提供某些必要的系数。