郴州市2006年流行性感冒监测结果分析

目的探讨进一步做好流感的网络监测工作。方法采集流感样病例（ILI）的鼻咽拭子标本用狗肾传代（MDCK）细胞进行流感病毒分离，用红细胞血凝抑制试验（ILI）进行流感病毒型别鉴定。，结果全年4所监测哨点医院共报告流感样病例（ILI）3288例，占该监测门诊就诊人数的1.61％；每月均有ILI报告，以6～8月为发病高峰；共采集并检测ILI鼻咽拭子标本665份，分离到流感病毒株40株（6.02％），经分型鉴定A（H1N1）亚型35株，B型5株。ILI暴发疫情3起，共采集并检测ILI鼻咽拭子标本29份，分离到B型流感病毒株18株（62.07％）.结论2006年郴州市全年均有流感流行，流行的优势毒株是A（H1N1）亚型和B型毒株。     

如何预防流感最有效

正2018年的流感来势汹汹,全国监测数据显示哨点医院报告流感病例高于过去三年同期水平。据世界卫生组织表示,接种疫苗是预防流感的最有效方法。季节性流感病毒季节性流感病毒分为甲型、乙型和丙型三种,其中丙型流感对公共卫生影响较小,甲型和乙型流感病毒的传播易导致流行和疫情。根据血凝素(H)和神经氨酸酶(N)的结合情况,甲型流感病毒又进     

甲型H1N1流行与气象因子显著关联

2009年3月18日,墨西哥发现甲型H1N1流感疑似病例:2009年4月21日,美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)报告2名儿童感染甲型H1N1流感病毒.随后,墨西哥、美国、加拿大等国家出现大量病例,甲型H1N1流感自美洲暴发流行.随着甲型H1N1流感在全球蔓延,世界卫生组织(WHO)将警告级别由3级逐渐提升为6级,表明全球进入流感大流行阶段.截至2010年4月14日,超过213个国家和地区报告了经实验室确诊的甲型H1N1流感病例,至少17770人死亡.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒病原学特征

自从2009年3月18日墨西哥发现的首例甲型H1N1流感病例以来,在众多国家科研工作者的共同努力下,这种新流感病毒已经开始慢慢向人们揭开面纱。尤其是2009年4月27日公布从美国加利福尼亚州患者身上获得并分离得到的病毒基因序列后,研究人员陆续获得初步研究成果。研究表明：这种病毒基因组由禽流感、猪流感和人流感病毒基因混合而成,是一种新型的甲型H1N1流感病毒,它所引起的流感具有高度传染、传播迅速、易流行的特点。该病毒既有甲型流感病毒的共有特征,也有其特殊性。本文对该病毒的分类与命名、基因组结构特点与变异、相关蛋白及其功能作一综述以便对甲型H1N1流感的诊断、预防、治疗有所帮助。     

2009年甲型H1N1流感临床研究回顾

2009年全球爆发的甲型H1N1流感由一种源于猪流感病毒、致人急性呼吸道疾病的新型流感病毒所致.本文总结了甲型H1N1流感病毒感染病例的临床特征、治疗及研究展望.     

2009年北京市甲型H1N1流行的气象因子与时空传播风险

 2009年8月初,甲型H1N1逐步在北京市本地人群中大范围传播扩散。实验室检测表明,甲型H1N1阳性病例占流感样病例的比例（从0.0086到0.7035）呈逐步上升趋势。本研究利用相关性统计分析方法,探索了2009年8月3日—11月8日甲型H1N1阳性率和4个气象因子（气温、相对湿度、降水量、风速）之间的关联关系。结果表明,甲型H1N1阳性率与气温的相关系数为-0.9458（P<0.05）,甲型H1N1阳性率与相对湿度的相关系数为-0.4581（P<0.1）,干冷环境下的甲型H1N1阳性率显著偏高。本研究构建了利用气温和相关湿度估算甲型H1N1阳性率的逻辑斯谛模型,反演得到了北京市每个区县每天的甲型H1N1阳性率,分析了北京市甲型H1N1流行的时空传播风险。     

理性看待甲型H1N1流感疫情

继墨西哥、美国、英国、韩国等国相继出现甲型H1N1流感疫情后，2009年5月11日，中国内地也确诊了首例甲型H1N1流感病例。截至6月12日，全球确诊甲型H1N1流感病例已达28774例，我国内地也确诊126例。世界卫生组织警告：甲型H1N1流感比禽流感更可怕。甲型H1N1流感病毒早晚都会发生变异，使甲型H1N1流感能轻易在人与人之间传播，     

论科学的体育锻炼在预防H1N1流感的作用

甲型H1N1流感在学校和人群聚集性的地域爆发,并且出现了死亡病例.新一轮甲流疫情在2009年秋冬暗流涌动,面对新一轮汹涌的甲型H1N1流感,更多的还需要我们回到对甲流的防控上来.本文研讨了如何通过体育锻炼未预防甲流的侵蚀.     

论科学的体育锻炼在预防HINI流感的作用

甲型H1N1流感在学校和人群聚集性的地域爆发,并且出现了死亡病例。新一轮甲流疫情在2009年秋冬暗流涌动,面对新一轮汹涌的甲型H1N1流感,更多的还需要我们回到对甲流的防控上来。本文研讨了如何通过体育锻炼来预防甲流的侵蚀。     

动物源性流感病毒与人流感流行

2009年4月.北美地区发生了人感染H1N1"猪流感"疫情,并且疫情呈现暴发漫延的态势.全世界关注的目光继1997年H5N1禽流感病毒感染人事件首次在中国香港发生,以及2003年以来包括15个国家和地区多起H5N1禽流感病毒感染人事件之后,再次聚焦到动物源性流感病毒上.是否动物流感病毒已经具备了引起人类疫情暴发的能力?是否新的一场大的人流感疫情就要暴发?为什么世界卫生组织又于4月30日为本次"猪流感"更名为"甲型H1N1流感"?对于流感暴发脚步的逼近我们是否做好了准备?本文对历史上人流感疫情暴发情况,动物流感病毒感染人事件的发生情况和流行病学特点,以及人流感疫情发生与动物流感病毒之间的关系等进行了总结与分析,以期更好地了解流感病毒在不同宿主之间的传播,为更加从容地面对这场突如其来的疫情,以及为疫情的预防和控制提供理论指导.为了能够准确反映这次流感的情况和国际对流感及流感病毒的统一命名法则,以及更加清晰并易于理解地表述清楚.我们建议将这次流感称作"北美流感"或"墨西哥流感".     

姜黄素体外抗流感病毒H1N1、H3N2实验研究

目的：观察姜黄素提取物体外对流感病毒H1N1、H3N2的抑制作用。方法：用狗肾细胞（MDCK）观察姜黄素体外对A型流感病毒H1N1亚型、A型流感病毒H3N2亚型病毒的直接杀灭作用。结果：姜黄素最大无毒浓度为12．5g／L,对H1N1有效抑制浓度为6．25g／L,对H3N2有效抑制浓度为1．56g／L。结论：姜黄素提取物确有明显的抗H1N1、H3N2复制作用。     

人源甲型H1N1流感HA基因进化特征分析

为了探究2009年3月至8月流感大爆发期间的人源甲型H1N1流感病毒的进化特征,提出了一种图形化表达病毒序列的方法,该方法将甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因的符号序列数字化表达后,利用主成分分析（PCA）将高维数值序列的维度大幅度降低为二维,将低维的数值序列图形化表达在平面和空间中。在序列的图形化表达基础上,对2009年3月到8月收集的三千多个流感病毒样本做了新旧病毒的区分,筛选出了新型病毒菌株,并根据图形探究了甲型H1N1流感病毒在时间序列上的进化特征。     

Genome evolution of novel influenza A （H1N1 ） viruses in humans

The epidemic situation of A H1N1 flu arose in North America in April 2009, which rapidly expanded to three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, with the risk ranking up to 5. Until May 13th, the flu virus of A H1N1 had spread into 33 countries and regions, with a laboratory confirmed case number of 5728, including 61 deaths. Based on IRV and EpiFluDB database, 425 parts of A H1N1 flu virus sequence were achieved, followed by sequenced comparison and evolution analysis. The results showed that the current predominant A H1N1 flu virus was a kind of triple reassortment A flu virus： （i） HA, NA, MP, NP and NS originated from swine influenza virus; PB2 and PA originated from bird influenza virus; PB1 originated from human influenza virus. （ii） The origin of swine influenza virus could be subdivided as follows： HA, NP and NS originated from classic swine influenza virus of H1N1 subtype; NA and MP originated from bird origin swine influenza virus of H1N1 subtype. （iii） A H1N1 flu virus experienced no significant mutation during the epidemic spread, accompanied with no reassortment of the virus genome. In the paper, the region of the representative strains for sequence analysis （A/California/04/2009 （H1N1） and A/Mexico/4486/2009 （H1N1）） included USA and Mexico and was relatively wide, which suggested that the analysis results were convincing.     

2009年成都市学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情流行特征与控制措施评价

目的:了解2009年成都市学校甲型H1N1流感(简称甲流)暴发疫情流行特征,掌握发病规律,评价控制措施,为今后采取更有效的防控措施提供科学依据。方法:收集整理市、区两级疾控机构处置学校甲流暴发疫情资料,对学校按大、中、小学进行分层随机抽样,并进行流行病学分析。结果:2009年成都市学校甲流暴发疫情时间主要集中在9～10月,中、小学生发病高于大学生,预防性服药(中药)和疫情早期及时停课是有效控制措施。结论:学校甲流暴发疫情控制的关键点在于根据实际情况及时、果断地采取相应防控措施。     

Urban structure and the risk of influenza A (H1N1) outbreaks in municipal districts

Changsha was one of the most affected areas during the 2009 A (H1N1) influenza pandemic in China. Here, we analyze the spatial–temporal dynamics of the 2009 pandemic across Changsha municipal districts, evaluate the relationship between case incidence and the local urban spatial structure and predict high-risk areas of influenza A (H1N1). We obtained epidemiological data on all cases of influenza A (H1N1) reported across municipal districts in Changsha during period May 2009–December 2010 and data on population density and basic geographic characteristics for 239 primary schools, 97 middle schools, 347 universities, 96 malls and markets, 674 business districts and 121 hospitals. Spatial–temporal K functions, proximity models and logistic regression were used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of influenza A (H1N1) incidence and the association between influenza A (H1N1) cases and spatial risk factors and predict the infection risks. We found that the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) was driven by a transmission wave from the center of the study area to surrounding areas and reported cases increased significantly after September 2009. We also found that the distribution of influenza A (H1N1) cases was associated with population density and the presence of nearest public places, especially universities (OR = 10.166). The final predictive risk map based on the multivariate logistic analysis showed high-risk areas concentrated in the center areas of the study area associated with high population density. Our findings support the identification of spatial risk factors and high-risk areas to guide the prioritization of preventive and mitigation efforts against future influenza pandemics.     

Molecular characterization of H3N2 and H4N6 subtypes avian influenza viruses isolated from mallards in Poyang Lake, China in 2010

Poyang Lake is the largest inland freshwater lake in China and contains many species of wild birds and waterfowls.We conducted a survey of avian influenza viruses in nine semi-artificial waterfowl farms in Poyang Lake during January to March of 2010.Out of 1036 cloacal swabs collected,three H3N2 and one H4N6 influenza viruses were isolated from healthy mallards.All the isolates were genetically and phylogenetically characterized.The analysis of putative HA cleavage sites showed that all the four isolates possessed the molecular characteristics(QTRGL for H3N2 viruses,PEKASR for H4N6 virus) of lowly pathogenic avian influenza(LPAI) virus.The phylogenetic analysis of the viral genomes showed that all four virus isolates clustered in the Eurasian clade of influenza viruses.The M gene of the viruses possessed the highest homology with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses.In addition,co-infection of H3N2 and H4N6 in the same farm was observed.And interestingly,we isolated two subtypes viruses(H3N2 and H4N6) and their progeny virus(H3N2) with evidence of genome reassortment from the same farm,in which the PB1 and PB2 gene segments of H4N6 replaced those of the H3N2 strain.The results of animal infection experiments showed that all the four isolated viruses were lowly pathogenic to chickens and not pathogenic to mice,which was consistent with the results of genetic analysis.     

甲型H1N1流感患儿免疫球蛋白水平变化

目的探讨甲型H1N1流感患儿免疫球蛋白水平变化及临床意义。方法采用放射免疫法检测51例甲型H1N1流感患儿（其中非危重组31例,危重组20例）急性期和恢复期以及对照组25例健康儿童外周静脉血的Ig,A、IgG、IgM、C3水平,并对结果进行分析。结果非危重组急性期和恢复期及对照组血清IgA、IgG、C3水平两两比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;危重组急性期血清IgA、IgG、C3水平低于非危重组急性期和对照组（P〈0．05）,恢复期血清IgA、I如、C3水平上升,与急性期比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;危重组和非危重组恢复期血清IsA、Is,G、C3水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。非危重组、危重组及对照组血清IgM两两比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论甲型H1N1流感患儿免疫球蛋白水平变化与病情严重性有关,危重患儿表现为急性期血清IgA、IgG、C3水平降低,恢复期恢复正常,提示危重甲型H1N1患儿体液免疫抑制是暂时的、可逆的。     

恶性实体瘤患者自体CIK细胞的体外大量扩增后的免疫表型变化

目的:回顾性分析我院2009年1月至2010年5月行细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)治疗的59例实体瘤患者的自体CIK细胞体外扩增后免疫表型的变化,为恶性实体瘤患者开展CIK细胞治疗提供实验依据。方法:采集59例恶性实体瘤患者外周血单个核细胞,培养体系加入IFN-γ、CD3McAb及IL-2三种细胞因子体外诱导,培养10～14 d;用流式细胞仪分别检测CIK细胞培养前后的免疫表型,进行配对t检验。结果:CIK细胞培养后单个核细胞,CD3+细胞,CD3+CD4+细胞,CD3-CD56+细胞,CD3+CD56+细胞均较培养前增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CD3+CD8+细胞,虽然较前增加,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CIK细胞中CD3+,CD3+CD4+,CD3+CD8+,CD3-CD56+表型的细胞比率与培养前相比均有所下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但CD3+CD8+细胞比率与培养前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。而CIK细胞的纯度从培养前(9.90±8.96)%增至(46.55±19.25%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:恶性实体瘤患者自体CIK细胞体外扩增后,CIK细胞纯度显著增加。     

Influenza A （HIN1） transmission by road traffic between cities and towns

Influenza A (H1N1) was spread widely between cities and towns by road traffic and had a major impact on public health in China in 2009. Understanding regulation of its transmission is of great significance with urbanization ongoing and for mitigation of damage by the epidemic. We analyzed influenza A (H1N1) spatiotemporal transmission and risk factors along roads in Changsha, and combined diffusion velocity and floating population size to construct an epidemic diffusion model to simulate its transmission between cities and towns. The results showed that areas along the highways and road intersections had a higher incidence rate than other areas. Expressways and county roads played an important role in the rapid development stage and the epidemic peak, respectively, and intercity bus stations showed a high risk of disease transmission. The model simulates the intensity and center of disease outbreaks in cities and towns, and provides a more complete simulation of the disease spatiotemporal process than other models.     

2009年加拿大H1N1疫情的ARIMA模型预测与分析

2009年初,世界各地先后发生了甲型H1N1流感.针对加拿大2009年疫情,建立了恰当的ARIMA模型,以实现每日H1N1疫情的预测.经过实证分析,预测的绝对误差在11%以内,总的平均误差是8.39%,该模型成功地对加拿大2009年疫情进行了预测.