国内外沙棘开发研究进展

沙棘作为天然营养物宝库的佼佼者，可以增进智力、增强体质，其保健作用显著，受到国内外研究和生产者重视。介绍了国外沙棘的发展现状和国内的主要沙棘产品及其产业化现状。     

4种沙棘雄配子体发育的研究

４种沙棘雄配子体的形成过程较一致,减数分裂中染色体发生了不同程度的变异,具有两种类型的绒毡层,这种现象很可能与种间的演化顺序有关。温度是影响沙棘雄配子体发育进程的重要因素。     

棱果沙棘及其亲本cpDNA trnS-G片段的序列变异分析

对自然杂交种棱果沙棘(Hippophae goniocarpa)及其亲本中国沙棘(H.rhamnoides ssp.sinensis)和肋果沙棘(H.neurocarpa)的共6个个体的叶绿体基因组的trnS-G片段进行了序列测定.所测样品序列长度为646～654 bp,排序后为656 bp.所测序列共有51个变异位点,占整个序列长度的7.77%,其中有14个变异位点属于碱基的插入或缺失类型,37个变异位点属于碱基的替换类型,各占变异位点总数的27%、73%和序列总长度的2.13%、5.64%.分析序列结果表明,所测样品在trnS-G间隔区序列长度变化不大,但提供了较多的变异位点,并且碱基变换类型丰富,碱基变异位点来源于中国沙棘和肋果沙棘的种间序列的差异.棱果沙棘的2个个体分别与中国沙棘和肋果沙棘的其中1个个体的序列完全一致,说明在自然杂交种棱果沙棘的起源中,中国沙棘和肋果沙棘均可作为母本.     

沙棘果硫酸化酯多糖HR_3SL的制备与分析

从沙棘果皮分离提取了相对分子质量较均一的杂多糖ＨＲ３ ．用氯碘酸吡啶法对ＨＲ３ 进行硫酸化修饰后,相对分子质量明显增大,ＨＲ３ＳＬ的紫外光谱与红外光谱分析表明,在２０８ ｎｍ ,２６８ ｎｍ ,２８６ ｎｍ 和１ ２４０ ｃｍ －１ ,６２０ ｃｍ －１ 有硫酸酯键的特征吸收峰．紫外光谱法与硫酸钡质量法测定ＨＲ３ＳＬ中ＳＯ２－４ 含量约为２１ ％ ．     

沙棘提取物对癌细胞DNA,蛋白质合成及体内血浆中cAMP…

采用同位素示踪技术和蛋白质结合研究了沙棘汁和沙棘油的抗癌机理。结果显示：沙棘汁对Ｌ７７１２白血病、Ｓ１８０肉瘤、腹水型肝癌等细胞的ＤＮＡ、蛋白质合成均无抑作用。沙棘油浓度在０．００５～１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ时对Ｌ７７１２白血病细胞ＤＮＡ合成的抑制作用，且此进抑制率与浓度呈负相关。沙棘汁ｉｐ注射剂量为１／５ＬＤ５０时，沙棘汁对小鼠血浆ｃＡＭＰ含量略有提高。     

沙棘的核型分析

本文分析了两种和两亚种沙棘的核型,其中:中亚沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. turkestanica Rousi)的核型为首次报道。并观察到沙棘的雄、雌株性染色体有别,且属XY型。     

俄罗斯大果沙棘栽培技术

提出引进俄罗斯大果沙棘的栽培技术。     

沙棘营养护手霜的研制

以沙棘油为原料，选择优质基料、添加剂，经正交试验设计，科学合理复配，精制而成沙棘营养护手霜。所制产品其感观指标、理化指标及卫生标准均符合国家轻工行业标准。     

蜂蜜沙棘果酒的工艺研究

本文以鄂尔多斯高原优质野生沙棘为主要原料，以天然的纯蜂蜜为辅助原料，发酵得到蜂蜜沙棘酒。结果最佳发酵条件为：茵种为驯化后的Yl茵株，接种量5％，发酵时间9天，后酵时间90天，发酵温度25-28℃，沙棘浊汁的最适初始pH值为3．5，S02加入量为80mg／L；添加1％壳聚糖-0．1％明胶复合澄清剂澄清效果较好。对工序中影响产品质量的其它因素进行了分析探讨。     

Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli

The recognition and phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is a principal aspect of innate immunity that is conserved from insects to humans. Drosophila melanogaster has circulating macrophages that phagocytose microbes similarly to mammalian macrophages, suggesting that insect macrophages can be used as a model to study cell-mediated innate immunity. We devised a double-stranded RNA interference-based screen in macrophage-like Drosophila S2 cells, and have defined 34 gene products involved in phagocytosis. These include proteins that participate in haemocyte development, vesicle transport, actin cytoskeleton regulation and a cell surface receptor. This receptor, Peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC), is involved in phagocytosis of Gram-negative but not Gram-positive bacteria. Drosophila humoral immunity also distinguishes between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria through the Imd and Toll pathways, respectively; however, a receptor for the Imd pathway has not been identified. Here we show that PGRP-LC is important for antibacterial peptide synthesis induced by Escherichia coli both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, totem mutants, which fail to express PGRP-LC, are susceptible to Gram-negative (E. coli), but not Gram-positive, bacterial infection. Our results demonstrate that PGRP-LC is an essential component for recognition and signalling of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, this functional genomic approach is likely to have applications beyond phagocytosis.     

分子佐剂PHA增强小鼠特异性体液免疫的效应

目的:探讨PHA对小鼠特异性体液免疫的作用和应用价值.方法:经SRBC腹腔免疫昆明种小鼠30只,并随机等量分两组,实验组每只腹腔注射PHA 0.1ug/g,对照组注入等量N.S.5d后,两组均眼球取血,并颈椎离断处死取脾脏制备脾细胞悬液.用体外抗体形成细胞实验.(Plaque forming cell,PFC)和定量溶血分光光度测定法(Quantitativehemolysisspectrophotomentry,QHS),分别测取两组的抗体形成细胞率和QHS(495nm)OD值,经X±SD组间比较的t检验,观察有无差异性.结果:实验组的PFC形成率和QHS的OD值均显著高于对照组(p<0.01).结论:PHA有增强小鼠PFC的形成率和特异性抗体的表达.提示:PHA为分子佐剂在提高体液免疫应答的应用有较高参考价值.     

A systems biology analysis of the Drosophila phagosome

Phagocytes have a critical function in remodelling tissues during embryogenesis and thereafter are central effectors of immune defence. During phagocytosis, particles are internalized into 'phagosomes', organelles from which immune processes such as microbial destruction and antigen presentation are initiated. Certain pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade the immune system and persist undetected within phagocytes, and it is therefore evident that a detailed knowledge of this process is essential to an understanding of many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. However, despite the crucial role of phagosomes in immunity, their components and organization are not fully defined. Here we present a systems biology analysis of phagosomes isolated from cells derived from the genetically tractable model organism Drosophila melanogaster and address the complex dynamic interactions between proteins within this organelle and their involvement in particle engulfment. Proteomic analysis identified 617 proteins potentially associated with Drosophila phagosomes; these were organized by protein-protein interactions to generate the 'phagosome interactome', a detailed protein-protein interaction network of this subcellular compartment. These networks predicted both the architecture of the phagosome and putative biomodules. The contribution of each protein and complex to bacterial internalization was tested by RNA-mediated interference and identified known components of the phagocytic machinery. In addition, the prediction and validation of regulators of phagocytosis such as the 'exocyst', a macromolecular complex required for exocytosis but not previously implicated in phagocytosis, validates this strategy. In generating this 'systems-based model', we show the power of applying this approach to the study of complex cellular processes and organelles and expect that this detailed model of the phagosome will provide a new framework for studying host-pathogen interactions and innate immunity.     

海参寡肽:免疫调节作用及机制研究

 为研究海参寡肽对小鼠的免疫调节作用及机制,试验选取250只SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠,随机分为5组:空白对照组,乳清蛋白组(0.30 g/kg),0.15、0.30、0.60 g/kg海参寡肽组。连续灌胃30 d后,通过测定ConA诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞转化实验、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞、血清溶血素水平、小鼠碳廓清实验、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验、自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性,观察海参寡肽对小鼠细胞免疫、体液免疫、单核-巨噬细胞吞噬和NK细胞活性的影响,并通过流式细胞术对脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群进行分析。结果表明:海参寡肽显著提高了小鼠细胞免疫、体液免疫、单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能及NK细胞活性(P<0.05),且效果优于乳清蛋白。通过T淋巴细胞亚群分析表明,海参寡肽显著提高了脾脏CD3⁺百分比和CD4⁺百分比(P<0.05)。由此可知,海参寡肽可能通过增加T淋巴细胞数和Th细胞比例,介导细胞免疫、体液免疫功能、单核-巨噬细胞吞噬能力和NK细胞活性的增强作用,起到增强免疫功能的效果。     

吉林人参低聚肽的免疫调节作用

 为研究吉林人参低聚肽(GOP)对小鼠的免疫调节作用, 选取280 只SPF 级雌性BALB/c 小鼠, 随机分为7 组:空白对照组、乳清蛋白组(150 mg/kg)及5 个GOP 组(37.5、75、150、300、600 mg/kg)。连续灌胃30 d 后, 进行免疫7 项实验测定, 观察GOP 对小鼠免疫器官相对重量、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核-巨噬细胞功能和NK 细胞活性的影响。结果表明:GOP 显著提高了ConA 诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、迟发型变态反应能力、抗体生成细胞数、小鼠碳廓清指数、巨噬细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数、NK 细胞活性(P<0.05), 且效果优于乳清蛋白。由此可知, GOP 可以通过增强细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核-巨噬细胞吞噬能力和NK 细胞活性, 起到增强免疫力的作用。     

广西藤茶总黄酮保肝作用的实验研究

为了解广西藤茶总黄酮（GXTF）的保肝作用，进行GXTF对四氯化碳（CCL4），D－半乳糖胺和异硫氰酸萘酯（ANIT）致小鼠生肝损伤保护试验，单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能试验，免疫低下小鼠溶血素生成试验和毒性试验，各试验用小鼠50只，体重23－25g，雌雄兼用，其中单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能试验用鼠40只，毒性试验用鼠20只，雌雄各半，血清中的ALT，AST，T－BIL含量作为测定指标。结果：与CCL4模型相比，GXTF（0.1k/kg)显著降低ALT，AST，T－BIL含量（P＜0．05），与D－半乳糖胺和ATIT模型组相比，GXTF（0.1g/kg,0.05g/kg)显著降低ALT，AST，T－BIL含量（P＜0．05）。单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能试验表明，GXTF（0.1g/kg)显著提高免疫低下小鼠溶血素含量（P＜0．05），毒性试验表明，小鼠最大耐受量为22.5k/kg，提示，广西藤茶总黄酮具有保肝降酶和退黄，提高免疫功能作用。     

灵芝菌丝体碱提多糖对小鼠细胞免疫的作用

体外灵芝菌丝体碱提多糖对脾细胞增殖反应和巨噬细胞的吞噬能力均有促进作用,但显示出低剂量增强、高剂量抑制的双向调节能力.体内实验表明灵芝菌丝体碱提多糖高、低剂量组灌胃给药在第10天时,能够最大增强淋巴细胞增殖反应.同时,显著升高CD 4T细胞的百分率,而对CD 8T细胞的百分率无影响,从而改善CD 4T/CD 8T细胞的比值,促进荷瘤小鼠恢复正常的免疫平衡状态.因此,灵芝菌丝体碱提多糖对小鼠体内外细胞免疫有直接作用,但有剂量和时间依赖性.     

Nucleoside-specific tolerance suppresses anti-nucleoside antibody forming cells

Since its original development by Jerne, the haemolytic plaque assay has increased our understanding of antibody formation to a wide variety of antigens, including proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and simple haptens. We have now developed an assay to detect plaque forming cells (PFC) making anti-nucleoside antibodies. Previously we reported the suppression of circulating antibody to DNA determinants by nucleoside-IgG conjugates. Here we show that BALB/c mice can be rendered tolerant in terms of both direct and indirect anti-nucleoside antibody forming cells and that the state of tolerance is nucleoside-specific at the cellular level.     

苏氨酸对小鼠免疫功能的影响

探讨了苏氨酸对小鼠免疫机能的影响。试验采用灌服不同浓度苏氨酸水溶液,然后检测小鼠循环抗体、脾T淋巴细胞转化、巨噬细胞的吞噬功能以及红细胞的花环率。试验结果表明:1.5mmol/kg和3.0mmol/kg组小鼠体内循环抗体的含量分别出现显著性(P<0.05)与极显著性(P<0.01)高于对照组;脾T淋巴细胞的转化功能均显著性高于对照组(P<0.05);苏氨酸对小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能以及红细胞免疫功能的影响程度较弱(P>0.05)。可以看出,苏氨酸能增强小鼠的免疫功能,在实验所设计的剂量范围内呈剂量依赖性升高。