Second organic aerosol formation by irradiation of α-pinene-NO_x-H_2O in an indoor smog chamber for atmospheric chemistry and physics

Ozone(O3) and secondary organic aerosol(SOA) are considered to be the most serious secondary air pollutants of concern in most metropolitan areas,as well as for Beijing.In this study,O3 and SOA for-mation potential of α-pinene,the most abundant biogenic VOCs,is investigated at Tsinghua Indoor Chamber Facility.The experiments were conducted under atmospheric relevant HCs/NOx ratios in both presence and absence of ammonia sulfate seed aerosol.A Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer system(3936,TSI) and a Condensation Particle Counter(3010,TSI) were used to study the SOA formation and a gas chromatograph(GC) equipped with a DB-5 column and a flame ionization detector(FID) was used to measure α-pinene simultaneously.The results show that the presence of ammonia sulfate seed aerosol did not change the formation trend of O3,but significantly contribute to SOA formation.A strong linear relationship(r2 = 0.90) between SOA yield enhancement(△Y*) and surface concentration of seed aerosol(PMi,s)has been found,denoting that the PMi,s is the control factor for SOA yield en-hancement.And the possible reason for the enhancement is acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions.     

Man and Nature in Chinese and Western Traditions

The Chinese conception of ＂oneness with man and heaven＂and the Western tradition of man’s separation from nature accompanied by a subject- object dichotomy are the cores of each culture, which largely decides the discrepancy in various aspects of the Chinese and Western ways. To have an embedded and penetrating idea about the differences between the two cultures, it is necessary to gain sufficient knowledge of man- nature relation in dominant Chinese and Western conceptions. This paper aims to explore this issue from the perspective of Taoism and Confucianism in Chinese context, and ancient Greek and Hebraic heritage and modern mechanical view in Western tradition.     

Function and interaction of maturation-promoting factor and mitogen-activated protein kinase during meiotic maturation and fertilization of oocyte

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade and maturation-promoting factor (MPF) play very important roles during meiotic maturation and fertilization of oocyte. Interaction between MAP kinase and MPF influences meiotic maturation and fertilization of oocyte throughout the animal kingdom, including stimulation of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), suppression of DNA replication, control of meiotic chromosome segregation, maintenance of metaphase II arrest, and resumption and completion of second meiosis. This review focuses on the function and interaction of MAP kinase and MPF during meiotic maturation and fertilization of oocyte.     

An overview on distance and pseudo distance functions and their applications

The fast and accurate collision detection and distance calculation between geometric models is fundamental in robotics, manufacturing and computer-simulated environments. This paper surveys the state of the art in the theory and algorithms of distance and pseudo distance functions between convex sets. An overview on the existing results,including fast algorithms for distance calculation, definitions and properties of various pseudo distance functions (the J-function, the growth distance, and the pseudo minimum translational distance), is presented. The distance and pseudo distance functions are versatile in a wide range of areas.Their applications in robot motion planning, grasp analysis/synthesis, form error evaluation, and engineering optimization is demonstrated.     

Second organic aerosol formation by irradiation of α-pinene-NO<Subscript>x</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O in an indoor smog chamber for atmospheric chemistry and physics

Ozone（O3） and secondary organic aerosol （SOA） are considered to be the most serious secondary air pollutants of concern in most metropolitan areas, as well as for Beijing. In this study, 03 and SOA formation potential of α-pinene, the most abundant biogenic VOCs, is investigated at Tsinghua Indoor Chamber Facility. The experiments were conducted under atmospheric relevant HCs/NOx ratios in both presence and absence of ammonia sulfate seed aerosol. A Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer system （3936, TSI） and a Condensation Particle Counter （3010, TSI） were used to study the SOA formation and a gas chromatograph （GC） equipped with a DB-5 column and a flame ionization detector （FID） was used to measure α-pinene simultaneously. The results show that the presence of ammonia sulfate seed aerosol did not change the formation trend of 03, but significantly contribute to SOA formation. A strong linear relationship （r^2 = 0.90） between SOA yield enhancement （△Y＊） and surface concentration of seed aerosol （PM1, s）has been found, denoting that the PMi, s is the control factor for SOA yield enhancement. And the possible reason for the enhancement is acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions.     

Integration Between Enterprise Process Monitoring and Controlling System and Enterprise Application

The relationships and the features of integration between Enterprise Process Monitoring and Controlling System (EPMCS) and Enterprise Process Related Applications (EPRA) were analyzed. An integration architecture centered on EPMCS was presented, in which there were four layers to conneet from EPMCS to EPRA: EPMCS, application integration layer, transport layer and EPRA, and there were four layers used to etstablish integration: presentation layer, function layer, data layer and system layer. The frameworks to connect EPMCS and EPRA were designed, that Enterprise-Independent Model (ELM), Enterprise-Specific Model (ESM) and metamodel to describe these two models were defined. The method to integrate data based on XML was designed to exchange data from EPMCS to EPRA according to the mapping between EIM and ESM. The approches are suitable for integrating EPMCS and systems in Product Data Management (PDM), project management and enterprise business management.     

The Frontier Movement and The American Values and Beliefs

This paper briefly accounts the background of American values and beliefs. It analyses the essence of the American ideals and points out that the American values are exaggerated and glamorized by the American upper class. They are in a sense, a dose of anaesthetic and a kind of hypocrisy.     

Synthesis and Properties of Novel Copolymers Based on Fluorene and Thiophene

1 Results In this contribution we present the synthesis and characterization of novel copolymers based on fluorene and thiophene (see Scheme 1).They were synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction of 9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid bis(1,3-propanediol) ester and 3-substituted (R=3-methylbutyl,hexyl,2-(pyren-1-yl)vinyl) 2,5-dibromothiophenes and characterized by GPC,IR and NMR techniques.UV-vis absorption,photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemical behavior of these polymers were also studied.Though a similar absorption was observed in solutions and thin films of the polymers,the maximum at 400 nm for FIPT and F3HT and at 390 nm FPyT,PL of FPyT thin film differs from those of FIPT and F3HT thin films.They exhibited an intense green PL emission,whereas PL emission of FPyT thin film was orange with a red-shifted maximum compared with FIPT and F3HT indicating pronounced aggregation of FPyT in the solid state.Cyclic voltammetry showed that all the polymers are reversibly oxidized and reduced.A similar electrochemical behavior was observed for FIPT and F3HT whereas a higher electron affinity was estimated for FPyT.     

Multiuser detection and independent component analysis-Progress and perspective

The latest progress in the multiuser detection and independent component analysis (ICA) is reviewed systematically. Then two novel classes of multiuser detection methods based on ICA algorithms and feedforward neural networks are proposed. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation show that ICA algorithms are effective to detect multiuser signals in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system. The performances of these methods are not identical entirely in various channels, but all of them are robust, efficient, fast and suitable for real-time implementations.     

Ordinary Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide and By-products Chlorite and Chlorate in Water

Acute toxicity and accumulated toxicity of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and by-products chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorate (ClO3-) in water acted on mice are studied by the method of Horn and accumulation coefficient. Subchronic toxicity of the mixture of ClO2 and ClO2-and ClO3- in water acted on rat is studied though feeding test for 90 days, including statistical analysis of variance on weight gaining, food utilization efficiency,index of blood and serum,liver (or kidney) to body weight ratio, and histopathological examination on liver and kidney. The results show that aqueous solution of ClO2, NaClO2 and NaClO3 ( with the concentration of 276.5 mg/L, 200 mg/L and 200 mg/L respectively) and the mixed aqueous solution of ClO2 with the concentration of 553 mg/L are actually non-poisonous , and non-cumulative aqueous solution as well.     

Lamins and their genes

The nuclear lamina is an important nuclear structure. The studies on its peptides lamins and genes have made substantial progress in recent years. In this paper, the new achievements in studies of new lamin members and their functions, lamin genes and their origin and differentiation, are reviewed and discussed. Some research areas that deserve to be investigated further are put forward.     

Surface pollen and vegetation reconstruction from central and northern mountains of Taiwan

Surface pollen from various montane vegetations in Shalixian Mt.and Lepei Mt.of central and northern Taiwan have been explored and analyzed.The pollen data were used to simulate vegetation types by using the biomisation technique,Computing three matrixes of pollen taxa , plant functional types and combined biomes,vegetation types at each site have been finally defined through the fuzz selections of a tie-breaking rule.The results show that surface pollen data can simulate the subtropical Castanopsis and Cyclobalanopsis forests.alpine warm-temperate Quercus and Quercus-Pinus forests,and alpine temperate/cool-temperate conifers of Tsuge-Picea and Picea-Abies forests.Simulated elevations of the,forests are similar to actual locations of the forests.This study can add vertical surface pollen data for extending investigation of various vegetation types in China,provide PFT schemes and vegetation types in low-latitude and montane areas,and be applied as modern analogues for fossil pollen in order to reconstruct Quaternary vegetations.     

ABC model and floral evolution

The paper introduces the classical ABC model of floral development and thereafter ABCD, ABCDE and quartet models, and presents achievements in the studies on floral evolution such as the improved understanding on the relationship of reproductive organs between gnetophytes and angiosperms, new results in perianth evolution and identified homology of floral organs between dicots and monocots. The evo-devo studies on plant taxa at different evolutionary levels are useful to better understanding the homology of floral organs, and to clarifying the mysteries of the origin and subsequent diversification of flowers.     

Characteristic and mechanism of inactivating algae with O3 and ClO2

Both O3 and ClO2 have a high effect on inactivating-algae in source water with no forming THMs which do harm to human in producing drinking water, so they will be favorably substituted for Cl2. In order to make certain of the mechanism of inactivating algae with O3 and ClO2, the algal cell number change and its different characteristics of figures and structures in treated and untreated water have been studied by the microscopy and SEM and the mode of inactivating algae has been inferred. The results show that the mechanism of inactivating algae by O3 is not completely identical with that by ClO2. The actual reaction process and efficiency have been controlled by many factors, such as the different characteristics of oxidants and algal cells.     

Erosion and Sediment Production in Small Watershed in Purple Hilly Areas and Prevention Techniques

Purple Soil distributes extensively and mainly in China. Because of abundant easily weatherable parent rocks/materials and unstable soil structure, and also influenced by parent materials, usage systems, and slope gradients, erosion and sediment production of purple soils are very severe with main fashions of water erosion and gravitational erosion. Basing on observed data in small watersheds, rainfall erosivity,vegetation coverage, previous soil water content, flow and relating; factors such as climate, topograph of small watershed,land usage, and soil kinds are all the influence factors of erosion and erodibility of purple soil as well as sediment production and transport in small watershed of purple hilly areas.The effective technological countermeasures of ecosystem restoration, agricultural tillage for water conservation and erosion prevention, agriculture project, and soil changing for fertility and anti-erosion were provided.     

Tailores Design and Characterization of Peroxide-containing Linear, Blick and Highly Branched Oligoelectrolytes and Derived Functional Nanoparticles with Special Properties

1 Results The development of novel surface-active block, comb-like and branched copolymers with peroxide-containing chains as well as derived functional luminescent and magnetic nanoparticles are the objectives of presented study. Main experimental approaches based on tailored synthesis of the oligoperoxide surfactants of desired structures and derived coordinating complexes of transitional and rare earth elements are developed. Functional oligoperoxide based possibilities of the synthesis of luminescent, magnetic and other functional nanocomposites with controlled size distribution, functionality, reactivity and biocompatibility are presented. Developed methods provide combining the stage of formation of polymeric, metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles with the stage of their surface irreversible modification by functional fragments capable of radical and other reactions including binding physiologically active substances. Novel nanoparticles are studied by chemical, colloidal-chemical, and rheological methods, X-ray diffraction technique, luminescent spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electronic microscopy. The availability of ditertiary peroxide fragments on nanoparticle surface causes their ability to radical grafting functional polymer chains. Functional nanoparticles developed are studied in phagocytosis, as markers of pathological cells, antimicrobial remedies and nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery.     

Feasible Research on '''' Textile · Garment'''' Supply and Demand Interaction and Optimization Model

After China entries WTO, China's 'textile · garment' industry will confront the difficulties of growth and development. From the view of supply and demand interaction which is common in the social economy, this article analyzes the economic construction and character of China's ' textile·garment' industry, represented by Shanghai. Research shows that industrial construction backwardness hinders China's 'textile·garment' industry development, which features four bottlenecks in supply and demand interaction in ' textile·garment' industry. The key of optimizing the construction and quality of supply and demand interaction in ' textile·garment' industry is to adjust industrial construction, break the bottlenecks, establish Shanghai as international fashion center, open middle and small size textile processing area with several levels, attach importance to scientific and technology creation and development combined with production, learning and research, and take part hi domestic and international marke     

Design and implementation of instruction-driven and data-driven self-reconfigurable cell array

The reconfigurable chip, which integrates the advantages of high performance, high flexibility,high parallelism, low power consumption, and low cost, has achieved rapid development and wide application. Generally, the control part and the computing part of algorithm is accelerated based on different reconfigurable architectures, but it is difficult to obtain overall performance improvement.For improving efficiency of reconfigurable structure both for the control part and the computing part,a hyb...     

Low temperature wheat germplasm and its leaf photosynthetic traits and structure characteristics

Low temperature germplasm with constant low plant temperature was found in the nature through a long-time observation on wheat canopy temperature and traits; correspondingly, high temperature germplasm with constant high plant temperature also exists. Compared with the high temperature germplasm, the chlorophyll content and the net photosynthetic rate of the three functional leaves on the top of the low temperature wheat germplasm are higher and the structure tends to be more complicated, which is characterized by smaller mesophyll cells and more closely arranged cell layers, more and denser chloroplasts with thick stroma, more granas and well developed grana lamellae, a larger vascular bundle area with smaller interspace. All these characteristics embody the consistency of structure and function and provide the theoretical bases for looking for and cultivating the new low temperature materials in agricultural practice.     

Superconducting Properties and Microstructure in MgB2 Bulks, Wires and Tapes

We prepared a series of MgB2 bulk samples under different temperatures, holding time and increasing rates in temperature by the solid state reaction. The thermodynamic behavior and phase formation in the Mg-B system were studied by using DTA, XRD and SEM. The results indicate that the formation of the MgB2 phase is very fast and the high increasing rate in temperature is necessary to obtain high quality MgB2. In addition, the effects of the Zr-doping in Mg1-xZrxB2 bulk samples fabricated by the solid state reaction at ambient pressure on phase compositions, microstructure and flux pinning behavior were investigated by using XRD, SQUID magnetometer, SEM and TEM. Critical current density Jc can be significantly enhanced by the Zr-doping and the best data are achieved in Mg0.9Zr0.1B2. For this sample, Jc values are remarkably improved to 1. 83 × 106 A/cm2 in self-field and 5. 51 × 105 A/cm2in 1T at 20K. Also, high quality MgB2/Ta/Cu wires and tapes with and without Ti-doping, MgB2/Fe wires and 18 filamen