我国优秀女子空手道组手运动员体能特征

主要运用特尔菲法、测试法等研究方法,对我国不同水平的女子空手道组手运动员的体能进行比较,揭示了我国优秀女子空手道组手运动员的体能特征:1)身体形态方面,具有身材匀称且健硕,下肢修长,上臂围度大,瘦体质量高和体脂含量低的特征;2)身体机能方面,表现出糖酵解代谢能力强,ATP-CP磷酸原供能水平高,有氧代谢能力好的特征;3)身体素质方面,具有专项速度快,专项力量大,专项耐力好和一般灵敏性突出的特征.     

一种复方健身药物研制及性能试验研究

中药是人体保健的重要途径之一,采用续断、萝藦、牛膝、茱萸、追风伞、决明子、绞股蓝、梦花根、淫羊藿、钩藤根、骨碎补等中药材,研制了A、B、C三种复方健身药物,通过高血压模型大鼠实验,遴选出健身效果良好的复方健身药物C。针对复方健身药物C,通过大鼠勃起功能障碍（阳痿）病症的临床试验,发现复方健身药物C与前列腺E1药物相近,能使具有显著勃起功能障碍（阳痿）病症大鼠的典型生化指标α-actin降低约62.98%、OPN降低约49.72%。研究成果对于进一步开发复方健身药物有积极指导意义。     

Positive Darwinian selection in human population: A review

This paper reviews a large number of genes under positive Darwinian selection in modern human populations, such as brain development genes, immunity genes, reproductive related genes, percep- tion receptors. The research on the evolutionary property of these genes will provide important insight into human evolution and disease mechanisms. With the increase of population genetics and com- parative genomics data, more and more evidences indicate that positive Darwinian selection plays an indispensable role in the origin and evolution of human beings. This paper will also summarize the methods to detect positive selection, analyze the interference factors faced and make suggestions for further research on positive selection.     

Sexual dimorphism and adaptive radiation in Anolis lizards

Sexual dimorphism is widespread and substantial throughout the animal world. It is surprising, then, that such a pervasive source of biological diversity has not been integrated into studies of adaptive radiation, despite extensive and growing attention to both phenomena. Rather, most studies of adaptive radiation either group individuals without regard to sex or focus solely on one sex. Here we show that sexual differences contribute substantially to the ecomorphological diversity produced by the adaptive radiations of West Indian Anolis lizards: within anole species, males and females occupy mostly non-overlapping parts of morphological space; the overall extent of sexual variation is large relative to interspecific variation; and the degree of variation depends on ecological type. Thus, when sexual dimorphism in ecologically relevant traits is substantial, ignoring its contribution may significantly underestimate the adaptive component of evolutionary radiation. Conversely, if sexual dimorphism and interspecific divergence are alternative means of ecological diversification, then the degree of sexual dimorphism may be negatively related to the extent of adaptive radiation.     

多孔混凝土排水基层路用性能研究

多孔混凝土作为路面的基层，应具有良好的物理性质和力学性质。文中通过室内试验与理论分析，给出多孔混凝土有效空隙率与全空隙率、渗透系数与空隙率的关系。得出多孔混凝土强度随龄期的发展规律，弯拉强度、劈裂强度与抗压强度的相关关系，抗压强度与空隙率的关系以及2种形式下的双对数疲劳方程；多孔混凝土弯拉弹性模量与弯拉强度，以及抗压弹性模量与轴心抗压强度的关系；多孔混凝土的温缩系数和干缩系数。     

多孔混凝土排水基层路用性能研究

多孔混凝土作为路面的基层,应具有良好的物理性质和力学性质。文中通过室内试验与理论分析,给出多孔混凝土有效空隙率与全空隙率、渗透系数与空隙率的关系。得出多孔混凝土强度随龄期的发展规律,弯拉强度、劈裂强度与抗压强度的相关关系,抗压强度与空隙率的关系以及2种形式下的双对数疲劳方程;多孔混凝土弯拉弹性模量与弯拉强度,以及抗压弹性模量与轴心抗压强度的关系;多孔混凝土的温缩系数和干缩系数。     

碳纳米管和碳纳米粉复合材料的物理性能研究

利用电阻仪及自制的波导管,分别测试了不同含量的碳纳米管和碳纳米粉复合材料的导电性能和电磁波的屏蔽效能.结果表明,复合材料的导电性能和其对电磁波的屏蔽效能与复合材料中导电材料的含量密切相关,且碳纳米管和碳纳米粉的加入量存在一临界阈值.并且复合材料中碳纳米管加入量的临界阈值远远低于碳纳米粉的临界阈值.     

Tail-assisted pitch control in lizards, robots and dinosaurs

In 1969, a palaeontologist proposed that theropod dinosaurs used their tails as dynamic stabilizers during rapid or irregular movements, contributing to their depiction as active and agile predators. Since then the inertia of swinging appendages has been implicated in stabilizing human walking, aiding acrobatic manoeuvres by primates and rodents, and enabling cats to balance on branches. Recent studies on geckos suggest that active tail stabilization occurs during climbing, righting and gliding. By contrast, studies on the effect of lizard tail loss show evidence of a decrease, an increase or no change in performance. Application of a control-theoretic framework could advance our general understanding of inertial appendage use in locomotion. Here we report that lizards control the swing of their tails in a measured manner to redirect angular momentum from their bodies to their tails, stabilizing body attitude in the sagittal plane. We video-recorded Red-Headed Agama lizards (Agama agama) leaping towards a vertical surface by first vaulting onto an obstacle with variable traction to induce a range of perturbations in body angular momentum. To examine a known controlled tail response, we built a lizard-sized robot with an active tail that used sensory feedback to stabilize pitch as it drove off a ramp. Our dynamics model revealed that a body swinging its tail experienced less rotation than a body with a rigid tail, a passively compliant tail or no tail. To compare a range of tails, we calculated tail effectiveness as the amount of tailless body rotation a tail could stabilize. A model Velociraptor mongoliensis supported the initial tail stabilization hypothesis, showing as it did a greater tail effectiveness than the Agama lizards. Leaping lizards show that inertial control of body attitude can advance our understanding of appendage evolution and provide biological inspiration for the next generation of manoeuvrable search-and-rescue robots.     

Ocean currents mediate evolution in island lizards

Islands are considered to be natural laboratories in which to examine evolution because of the implicit assumption that limited gene flow allows tests of evolutionary processes in isolated replicates. Here we show that this well-accepted idea requires re-examination. Island inundation during hurricanes can have devastating effects on lizard populations in the Bahamas. After severe storms, islands may be recolonized by over-water dispersal of lizards from neighbouring islands. High levels of gene flow may homogenize genes responsible for divergence, and are widely viewed as a constraining force on evolution. Ultimately, the magnitude of gene flow determines the extent to which populations diverge from one another, and whether or not they eventually form new species. We show that patterns of gene flow among island populations of Anolis lizards are best explained by prevailing ocean currents, and that over-water dispersal has evolutionary consequences. Across islands, divergence in fitness-related morphology decreases with increasing gene flow. Results suggest that over-water dispersal after hurricanes constrains adaptive diversification in Anolis lizards, and that it may have an important but previously undocumented role in this classical example of adaptive radiation.     

太白参对运动小鼠身体机能的增强作用

以超氧化物岐化酶活性、丙二醛、血糖、血红蛋白、肝糖元和肌糖元含量变化为指标，为一次性大负荷运动的给药组与非给药组小鼠进行了比较研究。结果表明，太白参可显著降低丙二醛含量，抑制由于运动导致的超氧化物岐化酶活性上升以及血红蛋白、肌糖元、肝糖元含量下降，显示出太白参具有增强身体机能的作用。     

Inclusive fitness in evolution

Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. For over fifty years, the evolution of social behaviour has been guided by the concept of inclusive fitness as a measure of evolutionary success. Nowak et al. argue that inclusive fitness should be abandoned. In so doing, however, they misrepresent the role that inclusive fitness has played in the theory of social evolution by which understanding social behaviour in a variety of disciplines has developed and flourished. By discarding inclusive fitness on the basis of its limitations, they create a conceptual tension which, we argue, is unnecessary, and potentially dangerous for evolutionary biology.     

Future fitness and helping in social queues

Helpers in primitively eusocial and cooperatively breeding animal societies forfeit their own reproduction to rear the offspring of a queen or breeding pair, but may eventually attain breeding status themselves. Kin selection provides a widely accepted theoretical framework for understanding these societies, but differences in genetic relatedness do not explain a universal societal feature: the huge variation between individuals in helping effort. An alternative explanation for this variation lies in a fundamental trade-off faced by helpers: by working harder, they increase the indirect component of their fitness, but simultaneously decrease their own future survival and fecundity. Here, we show that individuals work less hard when they stand to lose more future fitness through working. We experimentally manipulated two components of future fitness in social queues of hover wasps (Stenogastrinae): a helper's chance of inheriting an egg-laying position, and the workforce available to rear her offspring should she inherit. After each manipulation, helpers increased or decreased their effort as appropriate to the change in expected future fitness that they experienced. Although helping provides significant indirect fitness benefits for hover wasps, our study shows that variation in the costs associated with helping is the major determinant of helping effort.     

低渗油藏压裂水平井生产动态物理模拟

针对长庆油田某区块采用的纺锤形和哑铃形2种裂缝分布形式的压裂水平井,制作三维比例物理模型,进行了压裂水平井弹性开采及水驱物理模拟研究。结果表明,2种模型在弹性开采条件下,产油量与时间呈指数函数关系变化,哑铃形压裂水平井的产量较高,产量递减速度较快;利用压裂水平井产能公式和封闭油藏弹性驱动物质平衡方程,推导出产量的指数表达形式,分析了弹性开采条件下产量及其递减速度的影响因素。在水驱条件下,纺锤形压裂水平井见水时间较晚,含水率上升速度较慢。在水驱实验初期,弹性驱动占据主导地位,哑铃形压裂水平井的产量较高,当累积注水量大于0.2PV后,纺锤形裂缝分布模型的采出程度开始逐渐大于哑铃形裂缝分布模型。当含     

Inclusive fitness theory and eusociality

Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. Nowak et al. argue that inclusive fitness theory has been of little value in explaining the natural world, and that it has led to negligible progress in explaining the evolution of eusociality. However, we believe that their arguments are based upon a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory and a misrepresentation of the empirical literature. We will focus our comments on three general issues.     

改进适应值函数的遗传算法

比较、分析了几种基于适应值的选择策略求解极小值问题时的标准适应值函数,提出了一种随着进化代数的增加逐步增大适应值相互影响的标准适应值函数,并对它们的收敛速度和收敛精度进行了性能分析.以几个典型的函数优化问题为例进行仿真计算,取得了比较满意的结果.     

健美操专项课教学模式

在体育课教学中根据不同的教学规律，派生出不同的体育教学模式，各种模式都有其不同的功能和特性。以近年来健美操教学效果为依据，结合多年健美操教学经验，论述了高校健美操专项课的教学模式。