超顺磁磁铁矿磁接收器磁学模型

生物磁铁矿磁接收器理论模型包括单畴磁铁矿磁接收器模型和超顺磁磁铁矿磁接收器模型.蜜蜂体内存在典型的超顺磁磁铁矿颗粒.本文以蜜蜂为例,从磁学理论角度出发,定性的探讨了超顺磁磁铁矿磁接收器的磁学模型和工作机制.在外磁场作用下,每个超顺磁颗粒会受到力的作用,同时伴随着尺寸沿着一定方向的收缩和扩张.超顺磁颗粒把力以及扩张收缩作用传递给外面的生物膜及生物骨架(埋藏在神经系统中)从而产生相应的神经信号,而多个超顺磁颗粒磁接收系统的存在会放大和加强信号的产生.     

蜜蜂体内的磁接收器

很多生物体内存在纳米磁铁矿颗粒,它们为体内的磁接收器奠定了生物物理基础,而磁接收器可以使这些生物能够利用磁场来辨别方位以及方向.蜜蜂腹部同样存在超顺磁磁铁矿颗粒,这些生物磁铁矿粒子尺寸的变化与铁沉积囊泡膜的相互抗拒作用以及与细胞骨架的相互作用组成一个完整的磁接收器系统,可以感觉磁场的变化并诱发神经信号的传递.     

生物磁铁矿与磁接收器

很多生物的行为受到地磁场的影响, 并利用地磁场作为长距离迁移和飞行的信息. 研究者认为, 这些生物体内存在磁接收器, 是磁接收器接收到地磁信息并传递给神经组织. 由于生物磁铁矿在生物体中的广泛存在, 以生物磁铁矿为基础的磁接收器机制被提出. 本文中主要综述了生物磁铁矿的物理特性、与神经组织的关系、以生物磁铁矿为基础的磁接收器模型以及某些实验验证结果     

生物体内纳米磁性矿物质（Fe3O4）的磁畴结构研究

分析了磁铁矿粒子的单畴临界尺寸,表明生物体内的纳米磁铁矿粒子具有单畴特性.分别讨论了石鳖、趋磁细菌及蜜蜂体内纳米磁铁矿粒子的磁畴结构及磁矩分布,探讨了与地磁场相互作用下它们的生物导航功能机制.     

生物体内纳米磁性矿物质（Fe3O4）的磁畴结构研究

分析了磁铁矿粒子的单畴临界尺寸，表明生物体内的纳米磁铁矿粒子具有单畴特性。分别讨论了石鳖、趋磁细菌及蜜蜂体内纳米磁铁矿粒子的磁畴结构及磁矩分布，探讨了与地磁场相互作用下它们的生物导航功能机制。     

趋磁细菌的磁小体结构相关蛋白研究进展

趋磁细菌的磁小体由双层脂分子包被,膜上含有很多特异性的可溶和跨膜蛋白,在磁小体基质和颗粒间连接中还存在其他结构相关蛋白.趋磁细菌通过对磁小体膜或结构相关蛋白的遗传调控,实现从铁的吸收、氧化和还原—铁氧化体的沉积和成晶—磁小体链的装配和维护等一系列环节,取得了原核细胞中的最高结构水平之一——膜状细胞器结构.趋磁细菌借助磁小体结构对外界磁场(包括地磁场)信号作出响应亦提供了一个磁感受生物物理机制和地磁生物效应的简单模型.     

磁铁矿磁感受器神经信号转换过程

生物中磁感受器机制是理解生物磁导航的生物物理机制,磁信息转换成神经信息的过程是这一机制的核心,但是仍然处于假设阶段.本文中首先综述了电磁感应机制、基于磁蛋白的磁感知机制和磁铁矿纳米颗粒的磁感知机制中神经信号转变过程,最后提出了从理论上认识磁铁矿磁感受器神经信号转换过程的可能途径.     

SQUID与脑磁的研究应用

生物磁学是20世纪60年代初新兴起的一门交叉学科。脑磁研究是生物磁学中最重要和最富研究成果的领域。脑磁场随时间的变化关系被显示出来后,称之为脑磁图。通常,脑磁图分为自发脑磁图和受激脑磁图两大类。自发脑磁图(即α节律)的最大幅值为10~(-8)高斯(GS),频率为13赫兹(Hz)。当被测者闭眼时信号     

趋磁细菌与磁小体的研究

趋磁细菌是一类能够在一定的磁场内按磁力线方向运动的细菌,菌体内含有磁性颗粒,称磁小体.磁小体具有重要的应用价值.目前,对趋磁细菌的开发和利用主要是在磁性记录材料、分离技术和医疗卫生等方面.     

趋磁细菌与磁小体的研究

趋磁细菌是一类能够在一定的磁场内按磁力线方向运动的细菌,菌体内含有磁性颗粒,称磁小体.磁小体具有重要的应用价值.目前,对趋磁细菌的开发和利用主要是在磁性记录材料、分离技术和医疗卫生等方面.     

Biomineralization and magnetism of bacterial magnetosomes

Magnetosomes of magnetotactic bacteria are of great interest in understanding biomiueralizatiou and possible links between organisms and geomagnetic field. Fossil maguetosomes are ubiquitous in marine and lake sediments and may significantly contribute to magnetic signals. In this review, we firstly introduce some characteristics of magnetotactic bacteria, followed by considering recent progress in maguetosome formation, magnetic measurements, and identification of bacterial magnetites in bulk sediments as well as their paleoenviroumeutal implications. Finally, we briefly discuss potential future breakthroughs in magnetosome studies and its applications.     

Magnetite defines a vertebrate magnetoreceptor

The key behavioural, physiological and anatomical components of a magnetite-based magnetic sense have been demonstrated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Candidate receptor cells located within a discrete sub-layer of the olfactory lamellae contained iron-rich crystals that were similar in size and shape to magnetite crystals extracted from salmon. Here we show that these crystals, which mapped to individual receptors using confocal and atomic force microscopy, are magnetic, as they are uniquely associated with dipoles detected by magnetic force microscopy. Analysis of their magnetic properties identifies the crystals as single-domain magnetite. In addition, three-dimensional reconstruction of the candidate receptors using confocal and atomic force microscopy imaging confirm that several magnetic crystals are arranged in a chain of about 1 microm within the receptor, and that the receptor is a multi-lobed single cell. These results are consistent with a magnetite-based detection mechanism, as 1-microm chains of single-domain magnetite crystals are highly suitable for the behavioural and physiological responses to magnetic intensity previously reported in the trout.     

—株G~-球形趋磁细菌的发现与表征

在玄武湖水域发现一株 Ｇ－ 球形趋磁细菌 Ｘ Ｗ － １ ,光学显微镜下观察,可见菌体在地磁场的作用下,快速北向游移,平均游动速率约为０ ．１４ ｍ ｍ／ｓ ,该菌株对磁场的作用极其敏感．透射电镜观察显示,在每一菌体的细胞壁上镶嵌了１２ 颗左右的磁小体,磁小体的大小和形状均匀一致,每颗磁小体长约６０ｎ ｍ ,宽４０ｎｍ ,ｘ 射线能谱测试分析表明,磁小体为铁的氧化物．     

Occurrence of magnetic bacteria in soil

Enrichment of the ferrimagnetic minerals magnetite and maghemite is frequently observed in the top layer of soil horizons. Although both inorganic and organic processes are known to produce magnetite, magnetite in soils has been ascribed to an inorganic origin. We report here the discovery of living magnetic bacteria, similar to those found in salt- and fresh-water sediments, in the A horizon of a well developed soil profile in a typical meadow environment in southern Bavaria. The bacteria were detected in fresh samples using an optical microscope equipped with a rotating magnetic field and a volumetrically calibrated depression slide, permitting accurate counts of the volume density of the organisms. We suggest that magnetic bacteria and their magnetofossils can contribute to the magnetic properties of soils.     

Effects of the grain size distribution on magnetic properties of magnetite: constraints from micromagnetic modeling

Magnetite is the most important magnetic mineral in paleomagnetism. Its magnetic properties are controlled by many factors, such as grain size distribution, shape and interactions. Traditional rock magnetic experiments, however, have great difficulty in decoupling the effects of these parameters. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects of grain size distribution on magnetic properties of magnetite powders by using a micromagnetic method. The particle geometries used in the micromagnetic model were based on the grain size distribution observed in a synthetic magnetite powder. The simulated hysteresis parameters agree well with the experimental measurements and provide clear microstructures of the magnetic remanence. Our results show that grain size plays a more important role in affecting hysteresis parameters of magnetite assemblages than shape under effects of interactions. Uniform or vortex superstates formed by two or more particles are found and display different stabilities of magnetic recording in assemblages. Some domain structures of single-domain （SD） particles are reversed as the applied field decreases to zero. Small pseudo-single-domain particles behave as SD structures and may dominate the magnetic recordings. In all, micromagnetic modeling of grain size distributions provide a better understanding of magnetic assemblages consisting of nanoscale particles.     

Magnetoreception and its trigeminal mediation in the homing pigeon

Two conflicting hypotheses compete to explain how a homing pigeon can return to its loft over great distances. One proposes the use of atmospheric odours and the other the Earth's magnetic field in the 'map' step of the 'map and compass' hypothesis of pigeon homing. Although magnetic effects on pigeon orientation provide indirect evidence for a magnetic 'map', numerous conditioning experiments have failed to demonstrate reproducible responses to magnetic fields by pigeons. This has led to suggestions that homing pigeons and other birds have no useful sensitivity to the Earth's magnetic field. Here we demonstrate that homing pigeons (Columba livia) can discriminate between the presence and absence of a magnetic anomaly in a conditioned choice experiment. This discrimination is impaired by attachment of a magnet to the cere, local anaesthesia of the upper beak area, and bilateral section of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, but not of the olfactory nerve. These results suggest that magnetoreception (probably magnetite-based) occurs in the upper beak area of the pigeon. Traditional methods of rendering pigeons anosmic might therefore cause simultaneous impairment of magnetoreception so that future orientation experiments will require independent evaluation of the pigeon's magnetic and olfactory systems.