水电开发对河流生态系统服务功能影响的价值评估方法与案例研究

水电开发对河流生态系统服务功能的影响是复杂的、多方面的,提出计算"流量",即计算受水电开发影响的河流生态系统服务功能的价值变化量的评估思路和方法,并以广东省紫金县某水利枢纽工程为案例,对项目实施后河流生态系统服务功能价值的变化进行了定量分析评价.     

大坝对河流服务功能影响的价值评估方法

在已有的研究基础上结合我国现有水电开发对河流生态系统服务功能影响的评价方法,提出了河流生态系统的5种主要生态服务功能:提供产品功能、支持功能、管理及保障功能、调节功能和文化娱乐功能,并采用流量的估算方法、影子价格法和恢复费用法计算了5种主要生态服务功能的价值,找出建坝后大坝每年可能涉及到的效益和损失,为现有大坝可持续管理、生态、经济和环境评价提供依据.     

红壤丘陵区土地利用变化生态系统服务功能的影响——以长沙市为例

在地理信息系统的支持下,应用Costanza提出的生态服务价值计算方法,参照中国陆地生态系统单位服务价值系数,研究分析了红壤丘陵典型区域长沙市土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响.结果表明,1996～2004年长沙市的生态系统服务价值净损失6.016×107元,大面积的林地、耕地转化为生态价值系数较低的建设用地是其减少的主要原因.生态系统单项服务功能价值均呈下降趋势,其中土壤形成和保护、水源涵养、废物处理、气候调节价值减幅较大.由于该区生态服务价值呈下降趋势,需采取积极的生态保护措施,以维护区域生态系统的服务功能.     

南昌市土地利用与生态系统服务价值的关联性分析

南昌市正处于社会经济快速发展时期,土地利用的改变造成生态系统服务价值的变化,研究南昌市土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务的影响对未来城市的可持续发展具有重要意义.基于南昌市1995年、2005年和2015年3期土地利用数据,利用景观格局指数计算模型、生态系统服务价值指数模型和灰色关联分析模型,计算南昌市1995—2015年土地利用及生态系统服务价值的变化并分析了两者间的关联性.结果表明:1)1995—2015年南昌市建设用地和草地的变化率最大,变化率分别为103.50％和-21.71％;土地类型斑块破碎度增加,景观整体形状趋于规则化;2)21 a间,南昌市的生态系统服务价值总体呈现上升的趋势,其中水域提供了70％以上的生态系统服务价值,且生态系统服务价值较高区和中等区逐渐增加,生态系统较低区逐渐下降;3)耕地和林地面积下降是食物生产和维持养分循环功能下降的主要原因,水域面积增加是水文调节功能增加的主要原因,南昌市水域分布的分散是生态系统服务总价值上升的重要影响因素.     

晋江市土地利用与生态系统服务价值变化探讨

根据2001-2007年晋江市土地利用变更数据,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算方法,参照谢高地等人制定的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值当量表,计算出晋江市各土地利用类型单位面积生态服务价值,并且评估土地利用变化所引起的生态系统服务价值变化。研究表明,土地利用变化对一个区域的生态系统服务价值有重大影响,所以有必要加强晋江市土地利用管理,合理利用和保护土地资源。     

津市市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

土地利用/覆盖变化与生态系统服务价值是相互影响、相互制约的,对二者进行定量研究,可为生态社会经济的可持续健康发展提供参考依据.根据津市市1996-2005年土地利用变更调查数据,采用Costanza等的生态系统服务价值计算方法以及谢高地等提出的符合中国实际的陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表计算津市市生态系统服务价值并对其进行分析,结果表明生态系统服务价值总量增加了18.41×106元,年均变化率为0.19%,在生态系统单项服务功能中,除了食物生产功能外,其他单项服务价值都在增加.同时,生态系统服务价值空间差异明显,总体而言东南部地区服务价值较高,中西部稍低,而北部地区尤其是涔澹农场服务价值的增长幅度大.     

基于生态系统服务功能价值理论的煤矿生态环境影响评价

为了更好地对煤矿区生态环境影响评价,以生态系统服务功能价值理论为基础,以某煤矿为研究对象,根据煤矿开采前后的生态系统变化情况,预测了某煤矿区开采前后生态系统服务功能总价值及其变化,评价煤矿开采后将产生的生态环境影响.研究结果表明:某煤矿开采后生态系统服务功能价值增加了5 246.907万元,敏感性分析显示矿区生态系数服务价值对价值系数没有弹性.生态系统服务功能价值理论的引入,实现了煤矿区生态环境影响定性分析与定量评价的结合,为正确制定煤矿区生态恢复措施提供了依据.     

五马河流域森林生态系统服务价值评估

森林生态系统是最大的陆地生态系统,明确森林生态系统服务功能价值对其管理和发展有重要意义。运用影子工程法、市场价值法、费用分析法等价值评估方法,对2015年五马河流域森林生态系统涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护6项服务进行价值评估。结果显示:2015年五马河流域森林生态系统服务总价值为1. 32×109元/a,其中涵养水源价值最高,为5. 54×108元/a,积累营养物质的价值最低,为2. 06×107元/a。6项服务的价值排序:涵养水源价值固碳释氧价值生物多样性保护价值净化大气环境价值保育土壤价值积累营养物质价值。建议加强对森林生态系统的管理与调控,促进五马河流域整体生态系统服务总价值的增加。     

红寺堡灌区土地利用变化对生态系统 服务价值的影响研究

基于土地利用变化和生态系统服务价值评估的相关理论和方法,运用GIS软件,分析红寺堡灌区1996,2000,2006和2010年的土地利用变化,并计算生态系统服务价值,研究土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明,1996—2010年间红寺堡灌区的土地利用变化较大,主要土地类型为牧草地、耕地和沙地、荒地,从以牧草地为主变为以耕地为主,牧草地减少和耕地增加的幅度最大,城镇村建设用地和林地次之,水域最小。研究区生态系统服务价值总量呈增加的趋势,从1996年的24956.31万元增长到2010年的26663.71万元,其中耕地和林地面积的增加起主要作用,加上水域,三者对研究区生态系统服务价值总量的贡献为84.59%。单位面积生态系统服务价值的分布变化也与研究区土地利用变化紧密相关,直观地反映了从灌区开发前到灌区建设初见成效后的土地利用变化,表明红寺堡灌区的土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的增加具有一定的积极作用。     

区域生态系统服务功能对土地利用变化的响应——以湖南省为例

应用Costanza的生态服务价值计算方法,参照中国陆地生态系统单位服务价值系数,分析了湖南省生态系统服务功能对土地利用变化的响应.结果表明,1996-2004年研究区的生态系统服务价值净损失419.74×107元,大面积的水域、耕地转化为生态价值系数较低的建设用地是其减少的主要原因.单项生态服务功能中,水源涵养、食物生产、娱乐文化、废物处理均呈现减少的趋势.敏感性分析表明,生态系统服务价值对价值系数缺乏弹性.该区生态服务功能正呈下降态势,应注重生态环境保护,以维护区域生态系统的结构和功能.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to