新型光纤光栅渗压传感器及其在土木工程中的应用

基于光纤光栅传感原理研制出一种监测孔隙水压力的新型光纤Bragg光栅渗压传感器,并进行了室内标定和现场试验。该传感器可将过滤后进人传感器腔体的水压引起的光栅反射光波长的变化灵敏直观地显示出来,从而实现孔隙水压力的实时监测。与常规的电类检测仪器进行的对比试验表明：该传感器不仅能达到常规仪器的监测效果,而且具有绝对数值测量,抗干扰能力强,结构简单,长期稳定性高,能很好地实现对土木建筑结构的实时、在线监测等独特的性能,在土木工程界具有广泛的应用前景。     

光纤式煤位传感器的研究

光纤式煤位传感器由压力位移传感器和光纤位移传感器组成。本文介绍了其工作原理及在煤炭领域的应用。     

基于波纹管杠杆组合结构的光纤光栅压力传感器设计

针对井中水压高精度测量的需求,基于波纹管的压力传感特性,及悬臂梁的杠杆放大结构,设计了一种高灵敏度的光纤布拉格光栅压力传感器,通过弹性片连接的杠杆结构将压力作用下波纹管的轴向变形放大为光纤布拉格光栅的轴向应变,以实现压力的高精度测量。建立了传感器机械结构的力学模型,推导了传感器中光纤布拉格光栅中心波长变化与压力的数学表达式,并通过有限元方法对传感器的压力灵敏度进行了仿真。该传感器仿真和实验压力灵敏度分别为14.8 pm/kPa和14.1 pm/kPa。该压力传感器能够对小量程范围内的压力进行准确测量,同时可以通过改变杠杆臂长参数改变传感器的灵敏度,调整其测量量程。     

基于C型弹簧管和光纤环的光纤压力传感器

设计了一种基于Ｃ型弹簧管和光纤环的光纤压力传感器,对Ｃ型弹簧管和光纤环进行了理论分析,建立了待测压力与光纤环微弯损耗的理论模型,并用实验测试方法验证了该理论模型的可靠性。通过理论分析和实验测试的方法,对光纤环的安装位置,光纤环的匝数和直径以及弹簧管的精度和量程进行了优化设计。     

互补偿型反射式光纤压力传感器的设计分析

将应变式压力传感器的弹性膜片与一种光纤位移检测装置相结合构成了一种反射式光纤压力传感器，阐述了其设计思想，并给出了一个设计实例，该互补偿型传感器可以消除环境温度，光源输出功率波动及光路损耗变化等因素的影响。     

基于杠杆原理的高灵敏度光纤光栅压力传感器实验

目的为更好地扩大光纤光栅压力传感器的适用范围,设计一种基于拉伸铝片的新型高灵敏度光纤光栅压力传感器.方法应用杠杆原理实现力的增敏,并改变力的方向,使光纤光栅受力增大,从而提高压力传感器的灵敏度及线性度.通过有限元模拟仿真,将实验结果与模拟结果进行对比分析.结果新型压力传感器的灵敏度实验结果与模拟结果相近,实测拉力灵敏度为2.239×10~(-6)nm/Pa,比裸光纤增敏了730倍,其线性度为"0.99".同时通过改变杠杆的比例、材料截面、形式等因素,可以使传感器适应更多的环境需求.结论笔者设计的光纤光栅压力传感器线性度好,灵敏度高,可以满足工程实用性.     

基于光纤传感系统的石油测井技术进展

随着国际原油价格的上涨,各种有利于提高采油率的测井技术越来越受到重视。光纤传感器由于其耐高温、耐腐蚀以及具有分布式在线监测能力等独特的特点,在智能化油井系统中受到西方各大石油公司的青睐。本文首先介绍国外在光纤温度、压力等在线监测以及智能化系统方面的工程技术最新进展以及发展趋势,然后介绍山东省科学院与中国石油大学合作在光纤高温、高压测井以及光纤地震检波器的研究进展。报告了采用普通和耐高温光纤光栅制作的温度、压力传感器的实验结果,以及基于极高灵敏度的光纤DFB激光器的光纤声波检测的实验结果。     

免标记光纤生物传感器的研究进展

按照传感器的工作原理将免标记光纤生物传感器分成了光纤表面等离子体共振生物传感器、光纤倏逝波生物传感器和光纤光栅生物传感器3类,详细说明了3类生物传感器的基本结构、工作原理及特点,简要介绍了其在生物医学领域中的应用,并展望了免标记光纤生物传感器的发展前景。     

光纤光栅阵列传感器件及检测技术

光纤光栅及其应用是光纤通信、光纤传感领域的高新技术。光纤光栅传感是将光输入光纤光栅，并在一定条件下发生反射，反射光谱在该波长处出现峰值。由此可以得出待测物理场(如应变、压力、温度、振动、位移、电流、电压、加速度、流量、冲击、损伤等)的变化。把多个不同中心波长的光纤光栅排成阵列，可组成多点分布式阵列传感器，采用波分复用和时     

基于刚‒柔耦合的反铲液压挖掘机工作装置多体动力学分析与仿真

以某型挖掘机为研究对象，建立其工作装置及挖掘阻力数学模型。针对土方、石方挖掘工况，采用压力传感器、位移传感器测得挖掘过程中各油缸的压力及位移，采用电阻应变片测出动臂与斗杆上各测点的应力。基于所获得的各油缸位移及压力，通过动力学分析计算载荷。使用有限元分析软件和动力学仿真软件建立挖掘机刚?柔耦合模型，并以各油缸位移曲线为驱动，得到动臂及斗杆上各点应力。仿真计算与应力测试的对比结果表明，对应测点的应力变化趋势基本一致，误差在15%以内。     

A novel artificial anal sphincter system based on transcutaneous energy transmission

For controlling anal incontinence, a new artificial anal sphincter system (AASS) with sensor feedback based on transcutaneous energy transmission is developed. The device mainly comprises an artificial anal sphincter (AAS), a wireless power supply subsystem, and a communication subsystem. The artificial anal sphincter comprises a front cuff and a sensor cuff placed around the rectum, a reservoir sited in abdominal cavity and a micropump controlling inflation and deflation of the front cuff. There are two pressure sensors in the artificial anal sphincter. One can measure the pressure in the front cuff to clamp the rectum, the other in the sensor cuff can measure the pressure of the rectum. Wireless power supply subsystem includes a resonance transmit coil to transmit an alternating magnetic field and a secondary coil to receive the power. Wireless communication subsystem can transmit the pressure information of the artificial anal sphincter to the monitor, or send the control commands to the artificial anal sphincter. A prototype is designed and the basic function of the artificial anal sphincter system has been tested through experiments. The results demonstrate that the artificial anal sphincter system can control anal incontinence effectively.     

霍乱毒素结合辣根过氧化物酶逆行追踪大鼠幽门括约肌神经纤维

目的:胃幽门括约肌是胃肠动力调控的重要装置和结构,探讨胃幽门括约肌神经纤维的来源,特别是内源性神经元的支配,更好地了解幽门括约肌神经支配与胃肠功能的相互关系.方法:采用霍乱毒素结合辣根过氧化物酶(CB-HRP)逆行神经通路追踪法显示幽门括约肌神经纤维的分布与胞体定位.结果:幽门括约肌处以及胃前壁、胃大弯侧壁肌内均可观察到HRP标记的阳性神经元胞体.小肠、迷走孤束核复合体出现HRP阳性标记细胞.在胃肠壁内观察到HRP标记细胞中的VIP或NO双重标记的存在.结论:幽门括约肌以及胃肠内固有的肠神经系统及外源性自主神经均参与对括约肌调控的神经机制.     

芦丁镉对兔子血压和离体主动脉平滑肌的影响

芦丁镉金属配合物经耳脉静脉注射家兔,观察其血压变化;制备离体主动脉平滑肌条,将其固定在灌流肌槽中,记录离体主动脉平滑肌条张力的变化。观察芦丁镉对家兔动脉血压的影响以及对去甲肾上腺素(NA)诱发的离体主动脉肌条收缩的影响。结果表明,静脉注射芦丁镉可引起动脉血压的降低(P<0.05);而在灌流槽中单独加入芦丁镉时不能观察到离体血管紧张性的改变,但是在NA作用的基础上再加入芦丁镉后,便可使离体血管收缩效应减弱(P<0.05)。因此,芦丁合镉金属配合物具有降低血压和抑制NA引起的血管的收缩效应。     

紫堇总生物碱对血压和离体主动脉平滑肌张力的影响

紫堇总生物碱经耳脉静脉注射家兔,观察血压变化;制备离体主动脉平滑肌条,将其固定于灌流肌槽中记录离体主动脉平滑肌条张力变化.观察了紫堇总生物碱对家兔动脉血压的影响以及对去甲肾上腺素(NA)诱发的离体主动脉肌条的收缩的影响.结果表明,静脉注射紫堇总生物碱可引起动脉血压降低(P<0 05);单独加入紫堇总生物碱未观察到离体血管紧张性的改变,但在NA作用的基础上加入紫堇总生物碱后,引起离体血管收缩效应减弱(P<0 05).因此,紫堇总生物碱具有降低血压和抑制NA引起的血管的收缩效应.     

Modulation of the response of a photosensitive muscle by beta-adrenergic regulation of cyclic AMP levels

The light-induced constriction of the irises of some vertebrates is mediated by photosensitive pupillary sphincter cells, which have rhodopsin molecules in their sarcolemmas. Light-induced isomerization of these rhodopsin molecules leads to the release of Ca2+ from an internal pool, which in turn activate the contractile proteins. A central nervous reflex is therefore not essential for the light responsiveness of these irises, but they do appear to be innervated. The photosensitive iris of the toad receives sympathetic (adrenergic) innervation. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the eye or application of adrenergic agonists to the iris cause pupillary dilation due to relaxation of the sphincter muscle. We show here that beta-adrenergic stimulation of toad sphincter cells modulates their photoresponses by elevating the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. However, cyclic AMP does not appear to be involved in the transduction event but rather alters the availability of Ca2+ for contraction.     

大鼠胃幽门括约肌NOS阳性神经元的分布特异性

目的 :研究 NO能神经元在大鼠幽门括约肌的特异性分布状态及其功能。方法 :采用还原型辅酶 组织化学技术 ,在冰冻切片和胃—幽门—十二指肠连续全层标本上显示 NOS阳性神经元成分。结果 :幽门括约肌粘膜下丛及肌间神经丛均有 NOS阳性神经元分布。在与括约肌紧连的胃和小肠 ,胃的神经丛大而丛间距较大 ,神经纤维粗而稀疏 ,小肠神经丛小而密集 ,纤维较细。胃幽门括约肌大弯侧神经元胞体和神经纤维均明显比小弯侧多 ,而前、后壁之间无明显差异。结果 :幽门括约肌舒缩功能活动除接受两侧胃肠的神经及其递质调控外 ,而其自身含有内在的 NO能神经元也具有直接的自主活动功能。     

人体胆道系统中压力波传输的模拟实验

以相似理论为基础,建粒并验证了模拟人体胆道系统模型,以ＤＺ－５型振荡仪为压力波振荡源,采用微机Ａ／Ｄ动态测试系统,在模拟人体胆道系统模型实验台上,开展了压力波传输规律、奥狄斯（Ｏｄｄｉｓ’）括约肌功能的研究,同时进行了振荡排石实验。验证并完善了理论分析提出的振荡排石机理。建议对失去括约肌功能的患者在振荡治疗时采取在预置Ｔ管中放置单向阀。振荡排石参数的优化、脉频对排石的影响有待进上步的探讨。     

Studies on biomechanics of skeletal muscle based on the working mechanism of myosin motors: An overview

Skeletal muscle is the source of human body motion.Many scholars have been studying in this field to reveal its contraction mechanism,and relevant achievements have been awarded the Nobel Prize.This paper reviewed the current researches on biomechanics of skeletal muscle,and concluded two strategies(top-down and bottom-up methods) for the biomechanical research of skeletal muscle.Moreover,this paper generalized two major aspects of muscle research:(1) the multi-force coupling mechanism and the collective operation mechanism of molecular motors;(2) the bioelectrochemical driving and control principium of muscle contraction.We discussed the solution for experimental verification and induced a novel idea to study the biomechanics of skeletal muscle based on the microscopic working mechanism of molecular motor,which is the origin of muscle contraction.Finally we analyzed the disadvantages in existent researches and explored future directions that need further studies.     

Intensification of the 5.9-nm actin layer line in contracting muscle

According to the cross-bridge model of muscle contraction, an interaction of myosin heads with interdigitating actin filaments produces tension. Although X-ray equatorial diffraction patterns of active (contracting) muscle show that the heads are in the vicinity of the actin filaments, structural proof of actual attachment of heads to actin during contraction has been elusive. We show here that during contraction of frog skeletal muscle, the 5.9-nm layer line arising from the genetic helix of actin is intensified by as much as 56% of the change which occurs when muscle enters rigor, using a two-dimensional X-ray detector. This provides strong structural evidence that myosin heads do in fact attach during contraction.     

Slow inward calcium currents have no obvious role in muscle excitation-contraction coupling

It has been proposed that an influx of calcium ions into twitch muscle fibres during an action potential might initiate contraction. However, when external Ca2+ is lowered to 10(-8) M with EGTA, the fibres can produce normal twitches for many minutes. Nevertheless, a clear Ca2+ influx during contraction has been demonstrated, and it has been found that phasic skeletal muscle has an inward calcium current (ICa) which can give rise to calcium spikes. In certain conditions, a reduction in external Ca2+ with 80-90 mM EGTA results in reversible blockade of excitation-contraction (e-c) coupling, leading some authors to suggest that extracellular Ca2+ moved into the myoplasm due to ICa may be involved in the e-c coupling mechanism that triggers contraction. This proposition was further supported by the localization of ICa in the T-system, which circumvented the problem of the delay due to calcium diffusion from the surface membrane. We have now investigated whether ICa has a clear role in initiating or sustaining contractions in twitch muscle fibres. Our approach was to decrease or eliminate ICa with the calcium-blocking agent diltiazem (Herbesser) and to see how the twitch, tetanic and potassium-contracture tensions were affected. We found that ICa could be decreased or cancelled with the calcium-blocking agent, but that the same concentration of the drug potentiated the twitch, tetanus and contractures. We conclude, therefore, that ICa has no role in e-c coupling. A preliminary report of these results has been presented elsewhere.