酸雨影响下红壤中镧的释放行为研究

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨作用下红壤中稀土元素La的释放特征.结果表明,酸雨加速了红壤中La的释放.在酸雨淋溶下La的释放一般表现出两阶段性特征:首先La释放量随淋溶量的增加而减小,然后随淋溶量的增加而增大.经过相当于9 150～10 650 mm降水量的淋溶后,与对照(pH5.6)相比,pH4.5的酸雨使红壤La的累积释放量提高-5.11%～75.96%,pH3.5的酸雨使其提高16.64%～127.82%.除个别情况外,La释放量与Fe、Mn释放量呈显著或极显著性相关.初步推断多数红壤中的La主要吸附在Fe-Mn氧化物表面或存在于Fe-Mn氧化物中,其释放可能是由于吸附载体Fe-Mn氧化物因H 的输入而解离所致.图4,表1,参8.     

红壤中微量元素锌在酸雨淋溶下的释放特征研究

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨淋溶下4种红壤锌的释放特征与规律.结果表明,经过相当于9 150-10 650mm降水量的淋溶后,与对照(pH5.6)相比,pH4.5的酸雨使表层土pH值降低0.15-0.22个单位,但对心层土和底层土影响不明显;pH3.5的酸雨使整个土层pH值发生一定程度的降低,尤其是表层土降低最显著,达0.43-0.60个pH单位.酸雨淋溶下红壤中锌的释放具有前期阶段为快速递减释放和后期阶段为慢速平稳释放的两阶段性特征,锌累积释放量与淋溶量的关系可用二次模型来描述.从长期的淋溶效果来看,酸雨增加了红壤中微量元素锌的淋失.酸雨对锌释放的影响可增加水体中锌的负荷,并导致土壤缺锌;而对受锌污染的土壤,则会加重锌的毒害作用.图3,表3,参8.     

赤红壤对模拟酸雨缓冲能力的研究

通过模拟酸雨的淋溶实验,引入绝对缓冲量和相对缓冲量的概念,分析了赤红壤对酸性降水的缓冲能力及其变化.认为赤红壤本身酸性较强,主要通过阳离子交换反应和氢氧化物的溶解反应发挥缓冲作用.对pH3.5以上的酸雨具有稳定的缓冲能力,淋入酸雨pH3.0以下时,对土壤的缓冲机制有一定损害,使缓冲能力逐渐下降,但下降的速率随淋溶程度的加深而趋缓.     

模拟酸雨淋溶对土壤镉迁移的影响

以紫色土和黄壤作为供试土壤进行模拟酸雨淋溶试验.结果表明,酸雨增加了土壤镉的迁移性.随着酸雨pH值的降低,Cd的淋溶量越大,在土壤中的残留量减少,但是不同pH之间淋溶率的差异小,说明酸雨虽然增强了土壤中金属迁移性,但迁移缓慢.同一重金属的迁移性因土壤类型不同有差异.Cd在黄壤中的迁移性大于紫色土.对数方程表明酸雨淋溶量与Cd残留量之间并非简单的线性关系,重金属在土壤中迁移除了受到酸雨pH的影响,同时还受土壤Eh,有机质含量,CEC,土壤胶体,有机和无机配体的数量等因子的影响.     

模拟酸雨下铬污染土壤中Cr、Zn、Cu的释放特征

通过对对照土壤和铬污染土壤的模拟酸雨土柱淋溶试验,研究了模拟酸雨作用下土壤中重金属Cr、Zn、Cu的释放特征,比较了对照土壤与铬污染土壤重金属释放特征的差异.结果表明,模拟酸雨pH值越低,3种重金属的释放量越大;两种土壤中3种重金属对酸雨的敏感性差异为Cr ＞Zn＞ Cu,对照土壤对重金属吸附能力为Cu＞ Zn,铬污染土壤对重金属吸附能力为Zn(≥)Cr＞Cu,说明金属Cr对土壤中Cu、Zn的吸附能力有一定的影响作用;土壤中Cu与Zn的累积释放量之间均存在着显著的线性关系,而在铬污染土壤中Cu与Cr的累积释放量之间呈现显著指数关系;在pH4、pH5的模拟酸雨作用下土壤中释放的Cr年平均浓度分别超标127、104倍,酸雨加速了铬污染土壤中Cr的释放,从而增加了环境中Cr对人类直接或潜在的危害性.     

模拟酸雨对三峡库区土壤中铝溶出及不同土壤缓冲性能的影响

采用室内模拟酸雨土柱淋溶实验,研究了酸雨对三峡库区4种典型土壤铝离子的淋失规律。研究表明,长时间受酸雨淋洗,土壤对酸雨的缓冲性能降低,且酸雨pH值越低,对土壤酸化影响越大。土壤铝离子的淋溶量随酸雨pH值下降而上升,在pH≥3.5的酸雨作用下,土壤中铝离子的淋溶量较少;而当酸雨pH=2.50时,铝离子的淋溶量骤然升高;同时,经酸雨淋洗后土壤中交换性铝的含量发生了改变(红棕紫泥除外),酸雨pH值越低变化越明显。     

模拟酸雨对三峡库区4种典型土壤酸化及盐基离子淋溶释放的影响

通过室内模拟酸雨土柱淋溶实验,研究了酸雨作用下三峡库区4种典型土壤盐基离子的释放特点和释放机制.研究表明:酸雨会导致土壤酸化,土壤pH值随酸雨pH值下降而下降,土壤pH值和CEC含量越高,土壤受酸雨酸化影响越小;淋滤液的电导率都呈现先升后降的趋势,而且都有一个峰值,但峰形有明显差异;酸雨导致盐基离子的淋失,盐基饱和度降低,土壤中各离子淋失量大小均为Ca2 ＞Mg2 ＞Na ＞K .     

模拟酸雨对林地黄壤汞溶出的影响

以缙云山上的3种森林林被黄壤为供试土壤,通过模拟pH 2.0、pH 3.0、pH 4.0、pH 5.0的酸雨对上述土壤的动态淋溶试验,研究酸雨对林地土壤汞溶出的影响.结果表明:阔叶林地汞的溶出总量在酸雨pH 3.0、4.0时最低,但各pH的酸雨对阔叶林地汞的溶出量之间的差异不显著.针叶林地和竹林地汞的溶出总量随pH降低而升高,在pH 2.0的酸雨作用下,与pH 3.0、4.0、5.0的酸雨间的差异达极显著水平.在强酸雨的作用下,针叶林和竹林土壤的汞更易迁出土壤而污染水体.因此应加强森林土壤的管理,禁止取材,以提高土壤有机质,抑制汞的水迁移.     

酸雨不同喷淋方式对小白菜营养品质的影响

以温室大棚内的小白菜为试供作物, 通过配制不同pH值的混合型酸雨溶液, 分别以不同喷淋方式模拟酸雨喷淋实验. 结果表明: 酸性较强的酸雨抑制
小白菜中营养物质的形成; 弱酸性酸雨促进小白菜中营养物质的形成; 在不同喷淋方式中, 单次喷淋量越多、 喷淋时间间隔越长, 对小白菜营养品质的影响越大.     

木麻黄幼苗小枝质膜离子泵活性对酸雨的响应

对模拟pH4.5～2.5酸雨胁迫3个月后木麻黄幼苗小枝质膜离子泵活性测定结果表明,木麻黄幼苗嫩枝质膜H -ATPase和Ca2 -ATPase对酸雨非常敏感,常随酸雨强度的加大其活性受愈来愈强的抑制.pH4.5～2.5酸雨处理使质膜H -ATPase活性被抑制76.64%～85.88%,而Ca2 -ATPase活性仅为对照的14.12%～4.7%.在pH3.0酸雨处理组,质膜H -ATPase和Ca2 -ATPase活性均出现反弹升高.酸雨对质膜H -ATPase和Ca2 -ATPase活性所产生的相似作用,体现出质膜H -ATPase和Ca2 -ATPase对酸雨胁迫信号具有某种程度上相同的活性响应调节机制.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that