达尔文学说在2O世纪中的演变

达尔文的天择说虽在19世纪中叶才提出,却在20世纪中大放异彩.但也因为著名的孟德尔遗传原理在1900年同时为三位科学家重新发现,造成达尔文原理中许多质疑.所以在20世纪中出现了许多学者对达尔文天择说发生不同的阐释.有的人坚持达尔文的基本概念,并且加以引伸扩大.也有些更多的学者提出许多不同的补充或修正.更有些学者对天择说加以曲解,以适合他们各自的认知与目的.凡此种种演变,值得做一回顾与整理.以便展望21世纪的生技发展的方向.     

达尔文学说在20世纪中的演变

达尔文的天择说虽在19世纪中叶才提出,却在20世纪中大放异彩.但也因为著名的孟德尔遗传原理在1900年同时为三位科学家重新发现,造成达尔文原理中许多质疑.所以在20世纪中出现了许多学者对达尔文天择说发生不同的阐释.有的人坚持达尔文的基本概念,并且加以引伸扩大.也有些更多的学者提出许多不同的补充或修正.更有些学者对天择说加以曲解,以适合他们各自的认知与目的.凡此种种演变,值得做一回顾与整理.以便展望21世纪的生技发展的方向.     

"女性主义与新时期影视"研究综述

20世纪90年代之后,许多学者对西方女性主义对中国新时期影视的影响表现了一定的担忧,提出了解决的办法.     

"利己、利他与互利":达尔文进化论的新发展——纪念《物种起源》发表150周年

达尔文自然选择学说揭示了生物有机体的竞争进化,却无法解释个体间的利他与合作行为.20世纪下半叶,随着生物学家对动物利他与合作行为的研究,逐渐揭示了生物有机体利己与利他、竞争进化与合作进化的关系,进一步补充和完善了自然选择学说,推动了达尔文进化论的新发展.     

生物进化论向何处去?

在一百多年前,达尔文的生物进化论非常走运,几乎被人们普遍地接受了。马克思曾想将《资本论》第二卷题献达尔文。恩格斯则将达尔文与马克思并列,认为他们两人一个发现了生物的自然法则,一个发现了人类历史的法则。但是近年来,达尔文却倒了运。他的理论遭到了严厉的批评。有人说“进化论不符合事实,不符合逻辑,因此进化论的基本观点是错误的”;“可以不太夸张地断言,19世纪晚期和20世纪所发生的那些人类不幸,包括频繁的战争、集中营、被剥削民族的饥饿等等,都是直接或间接接受达尔     

新时期影视的解构策略

20世纪90年代之后,许多学者对西方解构主义对中国新时期影视的影响表现了一定的担忧,提出了解决的办法。     

南极雪冰中记录的20世纪Pb污染事件及原因初探

Pb是一种有毒的重金属元素,已经广泛出现于环境中并在许多地区造成了污染.通过分析雪冰中Pb的浓度变化可以反应人类活动造成Pb污染的历史和规模.通过分析南极3个不同地点雪冰中记录的Pb在20世纪的浓度变化情况,发现南极雪冰中记录的20世纪Pb污染主要发生在20世纪初和1960～1980年.20世纪初南极不同地点Pb浓度比前一阶段增加了3.5～7倍,1960～1980也比前一阶段增加了3～7倍.     

四种TSVR型学习算法的性能比较

我们知道,基于SVR的学习算法的计算复杂性和稀疏性对分析和处理大数据来说是非常重要的两个因素,尤其是对高维数据.为此,学者们做了大量的研究工作并提出了许多改进的SVR型算法.它们当中,有些算法的出发点基本相同,只是求解方法上略有不同;有些算法有明显不同的出发点,其所构建的最优化模型也不相同,但求解方法上大同小异.本文选择四个较具代表性的TSVR型学习算法,分析和比较它们的性能,以期更加深入的理解这些算法,且在应用中更具有选择性.     

肝脏病患者血清中抗肝抗体之测定

自从自体免疫学说及自体免疫疾患提出后,某些肝脏疾患亦被列为可能的自体免疫性疾病之一.对于类狼疮性肝炎,持续活动性肝炎,幼年型肝硬变,原发性胆汁性肝硬变等怀疑更大.由于病毒性肝炎引起的慢性进行性肝脏损害具有显著的淋巴细胞及浆细胞浸润,故有些学者考虑这种损害是一种自体免疫反应的结果(Mackay 1961),某些亚急性肝炎病例中可找到LE细胞也似支持这一想法.许多学者用血清学方法检查,证明在上述疾病患者血清中存在抗肝脏的不完全抗体与完全抗体.尚有些学者报导了用自体免     

论代际正义的理论基础

代际正义思想自20世纪70年代产生以来,便在国际社会引起了广泛的关注,许多学者纷纷从不同的角度阐述了代际正义思想并为其寻找理论上的依据和支撑。在学者们所提供的诸多理论依据中,最具影响力的、被学者们广泛引用为代际正义理论基础的主要有功利论、道义论和契约论。这三种理论分别从不同的角度为代际正义的合理性提供了不可忽视的理论证明。当然,这些理论也不具有绝对的说服力,就像其他任何理论一样,它们也不可避免地面临着许多困难和窘境。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that