The Self-Organization of Social Movements

The New Social Movement Approach and the Resource Mobilization Approach are the dominant approaches in social movement research. They focus either on macro-aspects and externalism or on micro-aspects and internalism. This paper suggests that the notion of self-organization is one way of taking into account both internal and external, structural- and action-based aspects of social movements and that it allows a dynamic concept of protest. The emergence of social movements is not determined, but a complex result of crisis, resource mobilization, cognitive mobilization, self-production—searching for singular laws of the emergence of movements is an expression of one-dimensional, linear, and deterministic thinking. Protest and social problems are non-linearly related. Social movements are part of the civil society system, by producing alternative topics and demands, they guarantee the dynamic of the political system. Existing system-theoretic approaches on social movements (Luhmann, Japp, Ahlemeyer, Hellmann) are rather uncritical and ignore the productive relationship between human actors and social structures in processes of social self-organization. Social movements are dynamic communication systems that permanently react to political and societal events with self-organized protest practices and protest communications that result in the emergence and differentiation (production and reproduction) of protest structures (events, oppositional topics, alternative values, regularized patterns of interaction and organization). The dynamic of social movements is based on the permanent emergence and mutual production of protest practices and protest structures. The self-organization of a social movement is a vivid process, it is based on the permanent movement and differentiation of actors and structures that communicate public protest, a social movement is only a movement, as long as it communicates protest and moves itself. In critical phases of protest new social systems of protest emerge whose form, content and effects are not determined, but dependent upon old structures, i.e., old structures enable and constrain new structures. The emergence of new protest issues, methods, identities, structures, and organizational forms starts as singular innovation, if it is widely imitated then it spreads within the protest system and transforms the system as a whole. In terms of Hegelian dialectics this means that novel qualities sublate the old structure of the total system, i.e., the system is transformed, reaches a higher level, incorporates old qualities, and creates new qualities. In critical phases protest can spontaneously and quickly spread and intensify itself. This reflects the idea of complexity thinking that small causes can spontaneously have large effects. The notion of self-organization as the idea of the networked, co-operative, synergetic production of emergent qualities and systems should be employed in order to arrive at a dynamic concept of protest. In order to reflect the increasing complexity of society and the emergence of a stratified knowledge society, a multidimensional model of class that is structurally coupled to the concept of social movements is suggested.

关于自组织原理若干问题的讨论

讨论了自组织原理中的一些概念问题，说明自组织是对一个开放系统而言的。“自”是指“自发”，“组织”是说明系统中所包含的各个运动变化的子过程间的相互协作、竞争，使过程演化为有序。自组织过程是一个开放系统与外界不断进行交换，受到影响和干预，由之引起的内部过程结构向有序的演化。这种外界干预的作用是隐性的，其中包含着十分复杂的机制。还分析讨论了几个案例，借以辨别一些概念，并提出作者的一些看法。     

论知识管理与自组织理论

知识型组织是一个自组织系统，自组织理论为知识管理提供了重要的方法论。以自组织理论为视角，从系统形成并走向自组织的条件入手，探讨如何自觉推进知识型企业不断走向更高层次的有序态。     

论多个体系统模拟与自组织理论的联系

多个体系统模拟是探索复杂性的重要方法。对其中个体(Agent)的概念进行了分析和探讨，提出个体(Agent)是研究对具有适应性和自主决策能力的客观实体的抽象；在多个体系统模拟中，我们通常关心系统在局域控制之下所表现出的整体行为，结合一个具体的多个体系统模拟实例，探讨了它与自组织行为的关系，分析了自组织现象的形成条件、机制和特点在多个体系统中的表现，为深刻理解多个体系统模拟，同时拓展自组织理论相关概念的应用领域进行了初步尝试。     

论和谐社会与自组织理论

和谐社会是一个自组织复杂巨系统，自组织理论为构建和谐社会提供了重要的理论依据。构建和谐社会是执政党在全面建设小康社会与实现现代化过程中的理论升华，是建设中国特色社会主义的伟大实践。以系统自组织理论与和谐社会的内在联系为切入点，探析构建和谐社会的条件和规律，自觉推进和谐社会由低层次向高层次的有序转变。     

基于Bloch球面旋转的量子自组织网络聚类算法

为提高自组织网络的聚类能力,提出一种基于Bloch球面旋转的量子自组织网络聚类算法.通过使样本数据作为量子比特相位,将样本映射为Bloch球面上的量子比特,将竞争层权值映射为Bloch球面上随机分布的量子比特;通过计算样本和权值的球面距离最小值,确定获胜节点;通过使获胜节点及其邻域节点在Bloch球面上向着样本旋转来调整这些权值,直到算法收敛.该方法的明显优势在于有较高的聚类精度.以鸢尾属植物样本聚类为例,实验结果表明,提出的方法明显优于传统自组织网络、K-均值聚类等算法.     

自组织理论在军事系统中的应用

首先 ,利用自组织理论详细分析了军事系统的特点 ,指出军事系统具有开放性 ,军事系统各要素之间存在非线性相互作用 ,且只有远离平衡态的军事系统才能得以发展壮大 ,提出了军事系统中也存在涨落。然后给出了运用自组织理论解决复杂问题 (包括军事系统 )的一般方法。作为例子 ,建立了海军武器装备系统的动力学模型 ,并给出了发展某项目的价值空间。最后对下一步的工作做了展望     

经济网络的自组织动力学——基于个体之间经济交易的研究

在交易动态模型研究的基础上,以个体之间的交易为工具,主要对复杂系统中经济网络形成、发展的动力学进行研究论述.研究发现:个体的优化选择交易有助于推动产业结构的自组织进化,经济复杂系统的自然秩序来源于经济个体通过交易关系联结起来的、稳定的复杂经济网络;但由于个体理性预期的局限性,有限理性的微观个体在价格信号指引下容易陷入逐...     

中国社会稳定与安全预警系统的理论设计

简要概述了中国社会稳定与安全预警系统的功能与作用 ;重点介绍了该预警系统设计的理论依据 ,即在预警系统设计过程中 ,综合、集成、借鉴了不同学科的理论与方法 ,其中 ,创造性地应用了社会物理学的思想、理论与方法 ,以此作为研制预警系统的总体理论框架 ;依据研究组独创的社会稳定与安全五大支持系统理论 ,设计出了“四级叠加 ,逐层收敛 ,系统耦合 ,规范权重 ,识别阈值 ,统一排序”的预警指标体系 ;最后 ,就预警系统内部模块的结构、功能与系统运行流程作了一定程度的说明。     

A Systemic View of Change Management and Its Conceptual Underpinnings

This paper presents a critical analysis of a systemic view of change management and its conceptual underpinnings. It reflects upon the systemic view from perspectives of modernism and postmodernism. The understandings so developed are then synthesised in terms of structuration theory. It is argued that organisational change is characterised by diversity and interactions, which necessitates a systemic approach using multiple methods in one intervention. By making transparent the conceptual underpinnings, it is shown that this systemic view can help build an improved understanding of organisational change characterised by diversity and interactions, and it can support the use of multiple methods to manage organisational change in one intervention.     

自然科学与社会科学协调发展的自组织机制

本文从自然科学与社会科学发展的联系出发,探讨了自然科学与社会科学协调发展的自组织机制。     

作为“范式”的突现模型

按照托马斯·库恩本人对“范式”的理解,范式概念应该包括基本概念、基本规律、基本信念与纲领、范例等。本文正是在这一意义上探讨传统的机械还原论向突现论的范式转换,从而尝试建立不同于传统科学的突现论模型。     

论系统思维(六):重在把握系统的整体涌现性

系统思维反对笼统地谈论整体，认定具有涌现性的事物才是系统。涌现并不神秘，它来自系统组分之间、系统与环境之间的相互作用，是对事物进行组织的产物。涌现带来的不是物质能量的增减，而是信息的创生与消除。系统思维就是按照涌现论识物想事的思维方式。     

Complexity Theory and the Fifth Discipline

Complexity Theory is a relatively new area of research, which has been applied successfully in the chemical and biological sciences and is now beginning to find applications in the social sciences, especially in economics and organizational analysis. The paper sets out an understanding of Complexity Theory and its application to problems in the Management area and, in particular, relates current Complexity Theory thinking in Management with Senge's approach of the Fifth Discipline. It puts forward a set of principles for Complexity Theory in organization which form the basis for this comparison. After raising some concerns about the concept of self-organization, which is shown to be one of the key concepts in Complexity Theory, and the apparent lack of focus in Complexity Theory research to date with organizational politics and success criteria, the paper concludes by considering whether, at present, Complexity Theory can be considered to have deeper applications in addition to providing useful metaphors relevant to organizational analysis.     

在动态复杂的环境下企业管理的协同观

协同论汲取了耗散结构理沦的观点,深刻揭示了非平衡系统从无序转化为有序的内在机制。从理论和实际的层面分析了协同论在现代企业管理中的普遍运用和重要启示,探明了在动态复杂的环境中,协同论是提高现代企业管理绩效和促进企业健康发展的行之有效的管理哲学和方法论。     

论自组织理论审视下的城市规划与管理

城市是自组织的产物,在城市规划和管理中,要尊重和遵循城市自组织发展的规律,包括维护城市应有的功能,促进城市要素多样化的生成,促进多样性要素之间关联的发生,补充城市资源输入的不足,限制城市内部行业的区域性垄断,当好城市自组织规律的监护者等。     

联合作战力量协同机理研究

利用系统科学协同理论中的自组织理论模型,对联合作战系统内各军兵种之间的力量协同机理进行研究.分析了联合作战系统的序参量以及控制参量;并对联合作战系统的受力进行了分析;最后研究了联合作战系统的自组织协同演化方程,给出了相关结论.     

论进化的另一个维度:物质、能量和信息的流动方式

确立了研究系统和进化的一个新维度 :从物质、能量和信息流动方式的立场来理解系统的运动方式、结构方式及其进化。然后探讨了确立这一思路的科学意义和哲学意义     

反馈循环论--自组织研究的新思路

自组织是连续不断的物质和能量转化的循环过程 ,自组织的循环过程是通过质能反馈机制形成的。根据质能反馈机制来考察自组织的结构、功能和进化 ,分析自组织的活动和行为 ,研究自组织的复杂性和整体性     

马克思主义的矛盾理论是研究和变革社会复杂系统的指南

十九世纪中叶以来,共产党人以马克思主义的矛盾理论为武器,从事探讨和变革人类社会的实践,取得了社会主义运动的许多伟大胜利。反过来又不断丰富和发展了矛盾理论。历史已经证明,马克思主义的矛盾理论是研究和变革社会复杂系统的指南。