HLA-DQ beta gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Over half of the inherited predisposition to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus maps to the region of chromosome 6 that contains the highly polymorphic HLA class II genes which determine immune responsiveness. Analysis of DNA sequences from diabetics indicates that alleles of HLA-DQ beta determine both disease susceptibility and resistance, and that the structure of the DQ molecule, in particular residue 57 of the beta-chain, specifies the autoimmune response against the insulin-producing islet cells.     

Different amino acids at position 57 of the HLA-DQ beta chain associated with susceptibility and resistance to IgA deficiency

The human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are implicated in the genetic susceptibility to a large number of diseases. Some of the diseases associated with HLA class II are related to specific amino acids or epitopes of the domain of the HLA class II molecule that is distal to the membrane. In man, selective immunoglobulin A deficiency is the most common immunodeficiency, frequently resulting in recurrent sino-pulmonary infections and gastro-intestinal disorders. Associations have been described with HLA class I, and to a lesser extent with different class II alleles, which might indicate that they share some common feature. Here we study 95 IgA-D patients and find positive associations with three DR-DQ haplotypes and a strong negative association with a fourth haplotype. Comparison of the sequences of the polymorphic amino-terminal domain of the DQ beta chain showed that the three 'susceptibility' haplotypes all had a neutral alanine or valine at position 57. The 'protective' allele had the negatively charged aspartic acid at this position (Asp57). Codon 57 of the HLA-DQ beta chain has been implicated in the susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Our data suggest that the same amino acid position could possibly also influence susceptibility and resistance to selective immunoglobulin A deficiency.     

Loss of p16Ink4a confers susceptibility to metastatic melanoma in mice.

CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) is frequently disrupted in various types of human cancer, and germline mutations of this locus can confer susceptibility to melanoma and other tumours. However, because CDKN2A encodes two distinct cell cycle inhibitory proteins, p16INK4a and p14ARF (p19Arf in mice), the mechanism of tumour suppression by CDKN2A has remained controversial. Genetic disruption of Cdkn2a(p19Arf) (hereafter Arf) alone predisposes mice to tumorigenesis, demonstrating that Arf is a tumour-suppressor gene in mice. We mutated mice specifically in Cdkn2a(p16Ink4a) (hereafter Ink4a). Here we demonstrate that these mice, designated Ink4a*/*, do not show a significant predisposition to spontaneous tumour formation within 17 months. Embryo fibroblasts derived from them proliferate normally, are mortal, and are not transformed by oncogenic HRAS. The very mild phenotype of the Ink4a*/* mice implies that the very strong phenotypes of the original Ink4a/ArfDelta2,3 mice were primarily or solely due to loss of Arf. However, Ink4a*/Delta2,3 mice that are deficient for Ink4a and heterozygous for Arf spontaneously develop a wide spectrum of tumours, including melanoma. Treatment of these mice with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) results in an increased incidence of melanoma, with frequent metastases. Our results show that, in the mouse, Ink4a is a tumour-suppressor gene that, when lost, can recapitulate the tumour predisposition seen in humans.     

A beta peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease

Vaccinations with amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) can dramatically reduce amyloid deposition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. To determine if the vaccinations had deleterious or beneficial functional consequences, we tested eight months of A beta vaccination in a different transgenic model for Alzheimer's disease in which mice develop learning deficits as amyloid accumulates. Here we show that vaccination with A beta protects transgenic mice from the learning and age-related memory deficits that normally occur in this mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. During testing for potential deleterious effects of the vaccine, all mice performed superbly on the radial-arm water-maze test of working memory. Later, at an age when untreated transgenic mice show memory deficits, the A beta-vaccinated transgenic mice showed cognitive performance superior to that of the control transgenic mice and, ultimately, performed as well as nontransgenic mice. The A beta-vaccinated mice also had a partial reduction in amyloid burden at the end of the study. This therapeutic approach may thus prevent and, possibly, treat Alzheimer's dementia.     

A beta peptide immunization reduces behavioural impairment and plaques in a model of Alzheimer's disease

Much evidence indicates that abnormal processing and extracellular deposition of amyloid-beta peptide (A beta), a proteolytic derivative of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP), is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (reviewed in ref. 1). In the PDAPP transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, immunization with A beta causes a marked reduction in burden of the brain amyloid. Evidence that A beta immunization also reduces cognitive dysfunction in murine models of Alzheimer's disease would support the hypothesis that abnormal A beta processing is essential to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and would encourage the development of other strategies directed at the 'amyloid cascade'. Here we show that A beta immunization reduces both deposition of cerebral fibrillar A beta and cognitive dysfunction in the TgCRND8 murine model of Alzheimer's disease without, however, altering total levels of A beta in the brain. This implies that either a approximately 50% reduction in dense-cored A beta plaques is sufficient to affect cognition, or that vaccination may modulate the activity/abundance of a small subpopulation of especially toxic A beta species.     

Binding of yeast a1 and alpha 2 as a heterodimer to the operator DNA of a haploid-specific gene

The mating-type locus (MAT) encodes several DNA-binding proteins, which determine the three cell types of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the a and alpha haploid cell types, and the a/alpha diploid cell type. One of the products of MAT, alpha 2, functions in two cell types. In alpha cells, alpha 2 represses the a-specific genes by binding to the operator as a dimer. In a/alpha diploid cells, alpha 2 acts with a1, a product of the other MAT allele, to repress a different set of genes, the haploid-specific genes. Until now, the nature of the interaction between a1 and alpha 2 was not known, although it had been suggested that alpha 2 may form a heterodimer with a1. I show, by using proteins synthesized in vitro, that a1 and alpha 2 bind the operator of a haploid-specific gene as a heterodimer. The ability of alpha 2 to form both homodimers and heterodimers with a1, each with a different DNA-binding specificity, explains the dual regulatory functions of alpha 2. This is the first example of regulation by heterodimerization among homeobox-containing proteins, a class that includes proteins responsible for the specification of segment identity in Drosophila, mammals and other eukaryotes.     

常系数非齐次线性差分方程（组）求特解的新方法

定义一种作用在形式幂级数上的算子,并结合升幂综合除法,将它应用于一类常系数非齐次线性差分方程（组）的求特解问题中.     

面向特定主题的客户抱怨文本分类识别方法

客户抱怨的自动识别是企业支持和维系客户的关键问题。文章将文本挖掘与支持向量机理论相结合,提出一种网络客户抱怨文本的分类识别方法。该方法通过2次分类识别客户抱怨文本和客户抱怨的类型,主要是通过构建情感词典,选取特征词汇,以特征向量表示客户抱怨文本,以支持向量机的方法分类抱怨文本,并识别抱怨文本类型;用实验方法验证了其合理性和有效性,对企业网上客户抱怨识别和服务质量提高具有重要意义和实用价值。     

产生式与判别式组合分类器学习算法

在AdaBoost集成方法的基础上,研究了一种产生式与判别式模型组合的方法。该算法在每轮中同时学习一个产生式分类器和一个判别式分类器,选择误差率较小的作为个体分类器,然后对所有个体分类器采用加权的方法得到最终分类器。实验结果表明,该方法在准确率和收敛速度上都具有很好的效果。     

Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses occasionally infect humans, but currently do not transmit efficiently among humans. The viral haemagglutinin (HA) protein is a known host-range determinant as it mediates virus binding to host-specific cellular receptors. Here we assess the molecular changes in HA that would allow a virus possessing subtype H5 HA to be transmissible among mammals. We identified a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus-comprising H5 HA (from an H5N1 virus) with four mutations and the remaining seven gene segments from a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus-that was capable of droplet transmission in a ferret model. The transmissible H5 reassortant virus preferentially recognized human-type receptors, replicated efficiently in ferrets, caused lung lesions and weight loss, but was not highly pathogenic and did not cause mortality. These results indicate that H5 HA can convert to an HA that supports efficient viral transmission in mammals; however, we do not know whether the four mutations in the H5 HA identified here would render a wholly avian H5N1 virus transmissible. The genetic origin of the remaining seven viral gene segments may also critically contribute to transmissibility in mammals. Nevertheless, as H5N1 viruses continue to evolve and infect humans, receptor-binding variants of H5N1 viruses with pandemic potential, including avian-human reassortant viruses as tested here, may emerge. Our findings emphasize the need to prepare for potential pandemics caused by influenza viruses possessing H5 HA, and will help individuals conducting surveillance in regions with circulating H5N1 viruses to recognize key residues that predict the pandemic potential of isolates, which will inform the development, production and distribution of effective countermeasures.     

A learning deficit related to age and beta-amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Mice that overexpress the human mutant amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) show learning deficits, but the apparent lack of a relationship between these deficits and the progressive beta-amyloid plaque formation that the hAPP mice display is puzzling. In the water maze, hAPP mice are impaired before and after amyloid plaque deposition. Here we show, using a new water-maze training protocol, that PDAPP mice also exhibit a separate age-related deficit in learning a series of spatial locations. This impairment correlates with beta-amyloid plaque burden and is shown in both cross-sectional and longitudinal experimental designs. Cued navigation and object-recognition memory are normal. These findings indicate that A beta overexpression and/or A beta plaques are associated with disturbed cognitive function and, importantly, suggest that some but not all forms of learning and memory are suitable behavioural assays of the progressive cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's-disease-type pathologies.     

Identification and mapping to chromosome 1 of a susceptibility locus for periinsulitis in non-obese diabetic mice

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a polygenic disease caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. Its onset is preceded by a long and variable period in which lymphoid cells infiltrate the pancreas but first remain outside the islets (peri-insulitis) before invading them (insulitis). Among susceptibility loci, only the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been clearly assigned. Genetic study of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has revealed genetic linkage of insulitis and of early onset diabetes with two non-MHC loci mapping to chromosome 3 and 11 respectively. Here we report a close association of periinsulitis with a third non-MHC locus mapping to chromosome 1. Successive stages in the progression of diabetic disease thus appear to be controlled by distinct genes or sets of genes.     

算子方程解存在的充要条件

在线性赋范空间内研究了算子方程有解的充要条件，所得结果不同于以往仅考虑解存在充分性时的结果。同时指出文「４」的结果是错误的。     

可微函数鞍点识别的条件

列举了Ｗｉｓｍｅｒ等人所给的鞍点识别充分条件的反例，并给出了正确的鞍点识别条件。     

n阶方阵可以对角化的一个充要条件

通过讨论反循环矩阵的性质,得到了ｎ阶方阵可以对角化的一个充要条件。     

一种求代数曲线的切线与渐近线的初等方法

论述了一种不同用极、导数，只用初等数学求代数曲线的切线与渐近线的方法，对于一些曲线方程较复杂的情况，显得尤其简便。     

在钛合金表面制备Al-Si涂层的方法及其高温抗氧化性

采用低氧压高温快速熔结技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面成功地制备出具有抗高温氧化能力的Al-Si熔结涂层. 与其他工艺相比,这种工艺相对简单,且不需要经过长时间的加热处理就能在合金的表面形成一层足够厚度的Al-Si熔结涂层,不仅省时节能,且涂层中的抗氧化元素铝、硅的浓度可通过调整涂层粉末的混合比例来进行控制. XRD检测表明涂层主要由Al、Si、Ti5Si3和TiAl3相组成. 在1 073 K空气中循环氧化105 h的实验结果表明:未经过处理的钛合金试样的氧化增重一直保持着较高的增长速率;而对带有低氧压熔结Al-Si涂层的试样来说,其氧化增重近似呈抛物线规律,显著地提高了钛合金的抗氧化能力.     

棉铃虫细胞系SFE—HA—8212的克隆化及对HaSNPV受纳性提高的克隆系的建立

用细胞临界生长密度法对棉铃虫蛹卵巢细胞系ＳＦＥ—ＨＡ—８２１２进行克隆化，获得８株克隆细胞系．各株克隆细胞系各自的形态较为均一，但相互间在形态、生长特性、对病毒受纳性等方面有很大差别，其中一株ＣＳ细胞对棉铃虫单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒（ＨａＳＮＰＶ）的受纳性明显高于ＳＦＥ—ＨＡ—８２１２细胞，形成多角体的细胞比率、多角体的产量、游离病毒粒子的产量及多角体蛋白的产量均有提高，是研究和应用ＨａＳＮＰＶ的有效系统．     

有关单形内点的一个不等式及应用

本文获得涉及n维单形内点、外接球半径与内切球半径的一个几何不等式,它蕴含了n维Euler不等式。