含Nb多元微合金钢的应变诱导析出行为

利用松弛法,在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上测定了多元微合金钢的应力弛豫曲线,并采用萃取复型技术跟踪了析出物的长大过程。实验结果表明：应力弛豫曲线分为三个阶段,分别对应析出的形核、长大和粗化：在850℃变形后等温弛豫60-200s时,应变诱导析出颗粒的尺寸仍然小于10nm,析出相为复杂的（Nb,Ti,Mo）（C,N）。     

X70管线钢中含Nb相的析出行为

以首钢生产的某X70管线钢成分为基础,利用Thermo--Calc软件计算了不同温度下钢中析出相的组成、相的析出温度及Nb元素的析出规律,研究了钢中Nb和C含量对Nb析出规律的影响,利用热模拟和扫描电镜等手段分析了钢中Nb合金相的析出温度.结果表明,平衡态下该X70管线钢中的析出相主要为Ti、Nb的碳氮化物、合金渗碳体、Ti4C2S2、MnS、AlN、M7C3和Mo碳化物.Nb析出相主要以Nb和C元素为主,其中固溶Ti和N元素.随Nb和C含量的增加,Nb合金相的析出温度升高,在同一温度下Nb的析出量增加.     

贝氏体组织细化的RPC工艺参数优化

利用热模拟技术研究了不同弛豫-析出-控制相变(RPC)工艺对含Nb,Ti低碳微合金钢最终组织的影响,结合半定量金相统计、电镜观察及EBSD技术分析了弛豫过程晶体缺陷组态与析出变化及相互作用规律.结果表明,经RPC工艺处理后,试验钢组织得到了有效的细化,主要为超细的贝氏体马氏体复合组织,当变形量增加,组织细化效果较好,出现最佳效果的弛豫时间缩短.终轧温度升高,细化效果减弱.从综合效果来看,当工艺参数的选取可以使弛豫析出速度与位错多边形化演变速度相匹配时,细化效果最佳.     

加热工艺对Nb-Ti微合金化高强钢的影响

采用金相显微镜、透射电镜(TEM)以及电解分析等仪器和方法对不同加热工艺下,含Nb钢、含Ti钢以及Nb-Ti钢的奥氏体晶粒粒径长大规律和第二相固溶规律进行研究。研究结果表明:随着加热温度增加或保温时间延长,奥氏体晶粒粒径逐渐增大,钢中第二相析出物数量减少、粒径增大;在相同加热工艺下,Nb-Ti钢的奥氏体晶粒粒径比含Ti钢和含Nb钢的小;加热至1 200℃时含Nb钢中Nb基本全部固溶,而当加热温度升至1 300℃时,含Ti钢中仍有TiN无法固溶。Nb-Ti的复合添加使Nb元素的全固溶温度从1 200℃提高至1 250℃;当加热温度为1 150℃和1 200℃时,细小的第二相粒子Ti C和NbC的固溶是造成该温度区间奥氏体晶粒粒径显著增加的主要原因。     

X70针状铁素体管线钢析出相

用透射电镜研究了X70针状铁素体管线钢中的析出相.一种是以TiN为主、尺寸较大(50nm～1μm)、外形规则、几乎呈立方体的Ti(Nb)NC复合析出相,其中Ti/Nb比值处于5～12之间.另一种是以NbC为主、尺寸十分细小(小于20nm)、形态为圆形或椭圆形的Nb(Ti)C复合析出相,Nb/Ti比值处于1～6.37之间,衍射分析结果表明其为多晶粒构成.分析表明,尺寸较大的方形析出相在1150℃的温度时已经存在,并且在热模拟过程中变化不大.细小圆形析出相绝大部分是在1100～900℃之间析出,而且与基体保持共格或半共格的关系.V的析出不明显,其作用相对较弱.高温热塑性曲线的测量结果显示,在没有变形情况下,1050℃时析出相开始析出,900～850℃之间析出量达到最大.     

含Nb-Ti-Al的X100管线钢碳氮化物析出研究

基于双亚点阵模型,建立X100管线钢（Nbx,Ti1-x）（CyN1-y）-AlN复合析出热力学模型。热力学模型计算结果表明,1 450～1 100K时,Nb析出量显著增大;1 800～1 400K时,Ti析出速度加快,AlN的析出温度为1 450K左右。TEM观察及EDS分析结果显示,1 173K时,有大量细小（Nb,Ti）（C,N）的析出物产生,Nb与Ti的原子比大于4;1 373K时,Nb与Ti的原子比接近1;1 523K时,以较大长条形、方形析出物为主,Nb与Ti的原子比小于0.43。热力学模型计算结果与JMatpro软件计算结果及EDS统计结果有较好的一致性。     

DH36高强度船板钢中碳化物及碳氮化物析出行为

利用碳复型法通过透射电子显微镜研究工业级DH36高强度船板钢在控轧控冷工艺下纳米级碳化物和碳氮化物的析出行为,并针对钢液冷却过程分别对碳化物及氮化物的析出规律进行热力学计算。研究结果表明:钢中普遍存在的析出相为(Nb,Ti)(C,N)碳氮化物和(Nb,Ti)C碳化物,均为FCC,Na Cl型结构,其中(Nb,Ti)(C,N)基本呈立方形,(Nb,Ti)C大多由富Ti的"核"部和富Nb的"帽"部构成;析出粒子均为单相,其晶格常数随Ti与Nb物质的量比的变化而微弱变化;通过统计粒子粒径及分布规律,利用Orowan绕过机制计算得出此类钢中沉淀强化对屈服强度的贡献约为166 MPa;钢中第二相析出的先后顺序为Ti N,Ti C,Nb C,Nb N。     

含铌TRIP钢连续退火后的组织性能及强化机理

在实验室模拟了含铌与无铌TRIP钢的连续退火工艺过程,通过金相显微技术(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、背散射电子衍射技术(EBSD)、X射线衍射(XRD)和拉伸实验等检测手段研究了TRIP钢的组织性能,分析了TRIP钢中残余奥氏体稳定性的影响因素及强化机理.结果表明:在连续退火工艺条件下,Nb的存在细化了TRIP钢的微观组织,与未添加Nb的钢相比,添加Nb可以提高TRIP钢中残余奥氏体含量和残余奥氏体碳含量.含铌TRIP钢中残余奥氏体主要以团块状或薄膜状分布于铁素体与贝氏体晶界,极少部分以细小球状分布于铁素体晶内.含铌TRIP钢热轧后的主要析出物为Fe3C和(Nb,Ti)(C,N),退火后的主要析出物为(Nb,Ti)(C,N).细小含铌析出物的析出强化导致了随着退火温度的升高,屈服强度和抗拉强度升高.     

退火温度对含磷高强IF钢FeTiP析出行为的影响

通过模拟罩式退火过程,研究了含磷高强IF钢中FeTiP粒子在退火过程中的析出行为,利用透射电镜选区衍射并结合能谱分析,确定了FeTiP的晶体结构.结果表明:650℃退火试样中只含有少量FeTiP,随着退火温度的升高,FeTiP数量明显增加,其大量分布于晶内及晶界处,且晶界处析出物尺寸明显大于晶内析出物.当退火温度升高到800℃时,FeTiP完全溶解,因此在整个基体无法检测到FeTiP.FeTiP的溶解消除了其对再结晶的阻碍作用,最终获得高强度{111}取向再结晶组织,从而提高高强IF钢成形的性能.FeTiP具有斜方晶体结构,且析出物中Nb元素的存在(含Nb原子可表达为Fe(Ti,Nb)P)不会引起晶体结构的改变.     

弛豫过程对贝氏体组织细化的定量研究

利用热模拟、金相显微术、结合定量统计和TEM技术，研究了微合金钢奥氏体区变形后弛豫不同时间的组织演化及析出情况。实验结果表明：经弛豫工艺处理后，贝氏体、马氏体复合组织得到了有效细化，在850℃变形后等温弛豫60～200s时，细化效果最佳。与此同时，应变诱导析出相亦能有效地钉扎位错，析出相的尺寸小于10nm。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that