老年高血压病患者血压变化与血K+、Na+关系探讨

目的：探讨老年高血压病患的血压变化和血清K^ 、Na^ 浓度之间的关系。方法：对85例老年高血压病患和45例正常人进行动态血压监测(ABPM)和血清K^ 、Na^ 浓度测定，比较血压各参数与血清K^ 、Na^ 及Na^ /K^ 比值之间的关系。结果：老年高血压病患24h平均收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)，日间平均SBP、DBP，夜间平均SBP、DBP与血清K^ 浓度呈负相关；与Na^ /K^ 比值呈正相关(P＜0．01)，偶测血压(CBP)与血清Na^ 、K^ 浓度和Na^ /K^ 比值之间无相关性(P＞0．05)，24h平均SBP、日间及夜间平均SBP与血清Na^ 浓度呈正相关(P＜0．01)。结论：在老年高血压患中，血清K^ 、Na^ /K^ 比值是全日血压的决定因素之一。     

植物钾离子转运相关蛋白及基因研究进展

本文概述了植物体内与K^ 转运相关的蛋白及其基因，包括通道蛋白(channel protein)和转运体(transporter)及其基因,前者可分为：(1)内向整流K^ 通道(inward-rectifying K^ channel:Kin^ )，(2)外向整流K^ 通道(outward-rectifyjng K^ channel ：Kout^ )；相关基因有AKTI，ANTI，SORK，GORK等．后者分为低亲和K^ 吸收转运体及高亲和K^ 吸收转运体；相关基因有HAK，KUP等．     

盐胁迫下土壤-杨树系统中离子运移与分布特征

在温室条件下,采用盆栽根箱培养的方法研究了盐胁迫下土壤-杨树系统中盐分离子的运移与分布特征。结果表明,各处理下杨树根际土壤中K^ 出现亏缺,Na^ 、Ca^ 、Mg^2 均出现富集。在低盐胁迫下,杨树根系优先选择吸收K^ 、Ca^2 和Mg^2 ,而对Na^ 的选择性有所减弱;两个杨树无性系能在根中积累较多的阳离子,同时I-69杨对Ca^2 ,NL-1381杨对K^ 、Ca^2 和Mg^2 向地上部分运输的选择性也有所增强,但抑制Na^ 向地上部分的运输,以减缓Na^ 对地上部分生长的胁迫。     

新疆及外引的部分小麦种质资源高分子量谷蛋白亚基分析初报

利用SDS-PAGE对43个新疆及外引的小麦种质资源高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW)的构成、不同等位基因变异及出现频率进行系统分析，并按照Payne等人的评分方法，计算了其品质得分分析。结果表明：43个小麦种质资源的Glu-1的平均分为5．47分，低于全国的平均水平，高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基构成中以2 12亚基居多，5 10亚基较少，部分地影响了新疆小麦品质的改良。     

小麦谷蛋白亚基的快速提取分离及SDS-PAGE分析

用70％乙醇和50％异丙醇除去醇溶蛋白，以二硫苏糖醇(DTT)为还原剂，在50％异丙醇，0．08mol／L Tris-HCl(pH为8．0)缓冲液中提取总麦谷蛋白亚基，加入丙酮至浓度为40％时，高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)沉淀析出；继续加入丙酮至80％时，析出低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)．在3．3％浓缩胶和10％分离胶的不连续体系中进行SDSPAGE电泳，结果表明，该方法可以有效地除去醇溶蛋白对麦谷蛋白亚基电泳分析的背景干扰，HMW-GS和IMW-GS的提取、分离一步完成，操作简便，时间短，对大量小麦样品的HMW-GS和LMW-GS可以快速分离、提纯和鉴定．     

枯草杆菌6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶的分离纯化及部分性质研究

采用DEAE—Sephaurose离子交换层析，Blue-Seplaarose CL-6B特异结合层析和Sephadex G-200凝胶过滤技术，对枯草芽孢杆菌中的6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶进行了分离纯化，纯化倍数为112．3倍，比活为1．46U／mg，回收率为8．2％，纯化酶液经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检验为单一带，测得全酶相对分子质量为107kD，具有两个分子量相同的亚基，亚基相对分子质量为51kD，最适pH值为8．0，最适温度为30℃，对热不稳定，以6-磷酸葡萄糖酸和NADP^ 为底物，其Km值分别为Km1(NADP^ )=19．8μmol／L和Km2(6-GPA)=22．6μmol／L，在5mmol／L～50mmol／L浓度范围内，Mg^ ，Ca^2 和Mn^2 对酶有激活作用，Fe^3 和Cu^2 对酶有抑制作用，K^ ，Na^ ，Cl^-，NO^-3，SO^-4对酶几乎没有影响，用PMSF，TNBS，NBS，DTT和BrAc对酶进行修饰，实验结果表明，丝氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸残基可能是该酶活性中心的功能基团。     

新西兰ROTORUA市KUIRAU热泉Na-K地球化学温标研究

Na-K地球化学温标在计算热储温度时，使用Na^ 、K^ 浓度的比值，因而地热水的混合稀释及蒸气损失对温度的计算影响不大。Na-K地球化学温标的依据是：在一定温度条件下，Na-feldspar(钠长石) K^ =K-feldspar(钾长石) Na^ 反应达完全平衡状态。但当热流体运动速度慢或被浅层地下水稀释而导致温度降低时，反应平衡会被打破，并形成新的平衡。新平衡形成之前为部分平衡状态。以新西兰著名的ROTORUA市KUIRAU公园热泉为例，讨论了在部分平衡条件下，Na-K地热温标的应用。     

一个新的模糊谓词演算形式系统

首先，在模糊逻辑命题演算形式系统Ω^*的基础上，讨论了相应的谓词演算理论，建立了一阶形式系统K^*，基于R0代数的基本理论，给出了系统K^*的若干语义概念，包括M－解释I，I－赋值，公式的值，真，M－逻辑有效性等，从而形成了模糊谓词演算一种新的语构与语义体系。其次，研究了系统K^*的基本性质，指出了系统Ω^*的定理都是系统K^*的定理，给出了系统K^*与量词有关的一些重要定理，证明了系统Ω^*的重言式在系统K^*中的代换实例都是系统K^*中的定理关于任何R0链也是逻辑有效的；系统K^*的强可靠性定理也成立，即系统K^*在任何理论T下的定理关于任何R0链也是逻辑有效的。最后给出并证明了系统K^*的一种新的演绎定理，一阶系统K^*及其重要的性质，为模糊推理提供了一种更为合理的逻辑框架。     

室温下水-花岗岩作用时液相组分的演化

使用批反应器实验研究21℃时花岗岩与蒸馏水的作用来探讨水-岩作用以及液相随作用时间的地球化学演化。粒度为1～2mm，O．5～1mm和0．2～0．5mm的花岗岩样品各150g和750ml纯水加入用聚丙烯做成的3个批反应器中进行反应试验。试验过程中用电动马达连续转动反应器。试验时间为60d。结果表明，液相主要是Ca-(K)-HCO3型水或K-(Ca)-HCO3型水。K^ 主要来自钾长石的溶解，Ca^2 主要与斜长石中钙长石组分的溶解有关。K^ 很容易从含K^ 的原生矿物中被释放出来，同时K^ 也容易从水中析出形成次生矿物。水中“Ca过剩”可以很好地用斜长石的不一致性溶解反应来解释，钙长石和钠长石悬殊的溶解度差异也是水中“Ca过剩”可能的原因之一。实验结果与用表面反应控制速率模式的解释及Na^ 和H^ 的表面竞争交换相一致。     

塔玛亚历山大藻对贝类鳃组织Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响

研究了水中具有不同细胞密度塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense)对菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum)、翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis Linnaeus)鳃组织的Na^ ,K^ -ATP酶活性的影响，结果显示低密度藻细胞对这些动物鳃组织Na^ ,K^ -ATP酶有激活作用，高密度则有抑制作用。     

Blocker protection in the pore of a voltage-gated K+ channel and its structural implications

The structure of the bacterial potassium channel KcsA has provided a framework for understanding the related voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv channels) that are used for signalling in neurons. Opening and closing of these Kv channels (gating) occurs at the intracellular entrance to the pore, and this is also the site at which many open channel blockers affect Kv channels. To learn more about the sites of blocker binding and about the structure of the open Kv channel, we investigated here the ability of blockers to protect against chemical modification of cysteines introduced at sites in transmembrane segment S6, which contributes to the intracellular entrance. Within the intracellular half of S6 we found an abrupt cessation of protection for both large and small blockers that is inconsistent with the narrow 'inner pore' seen in the KcsA structure. These and other results are most readily explained by supposing that the structure of Kv channels differs from that of the non-voltage-gated bacterial channel by the introduction of a sharp bend in the inner (S6) helices. This bend would occur at a Pro-X-Pro sequence that is highly conserved in Kv channels, near the site of activation gating.     

Permeation study of the potassium channel from streptomyces Lividans

A three-state hopping model is established according to experiments to study permeation of an open-state potassium channel from Streptomyces Lividans (KcsA potassium channel). The master equations are used to characterize the dynamics of the system. In this model, ion conduction involves transitions of three states, with one three-ion state and two two-ion states in the selectivity filter respectively. In equilibrium, the well-known Nernst equation is deduced. It is further shown that the current follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics in steady state. According to the parameters provided by Nelson, the current-voltage relationship is proved to be ohmic and the current-concentration relationship is also obtained reasonably. Additional validation of the model in the characteristic time to reach the steady state for the potassium channel is also discussed. This model lays a possible physical basis for the permeation of ion channel, and opens an avenue for further research.     

Control of ion selectivity in potassium channels by electrostatic and dynamic properties of carbonyl ligands

Potassium channels are essential for maintaining a normal ionic balance across cell membranes. Central to this function is the ability of such channels to support transmembrane ion conduction at nearly diffusion-limited rates while discriminating for K+ over Na+ by more than a thousand-fold. This selectivity arises because the transfer of the K+ ion into the channel pore is energetically favoured, a feature commonly attributed to a structurally precise fit between the K+ ion and carbonyl groups lining the rigid and narrow pore. But proteins are relatively flexible structures that undergo rapid thermal atomic fluctuations larger than the small difference in ionic radius between K+ and Na+. Here we present molecular dynamics simulations for the potassium channel KcsA, which show that the carbonyl groups coordinating the ion in the narrow pore are indeed very dynamic ('liquid-like') and that their intrinsic electrostatic properties control ion selectivity. This finding highlights the importance of the classical concept of field strength. Selectivity for K+ is seen to emerge as a robust feature of a flexible fluctuating pore lined by carbonyl groups.     

Structure of tumour necrosis factor

Tumour necrosis factor is a trimeric molecule, each subunit of which consists of an antiparallel beta-sandwich. Individual subunits from the trimer by a novel edge-to-face packing of beta-sheets. A comparison of the subunit fold with that of other proteins reveals a remarkable similarity to the 'jelly-roll' structural motif characteristic of viral coat proteins.     

SEC65 gene product is a subunit of the yeast signal recognition particle required for its integrity.

Protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in mammalian cells is catalysed by the signal recognition particle (SRP), which consists of six protein subunits and an RNA subunit. Saccharomyces cerevisiae SRP is a 16S particle, of which only two subunits have been identified: a protein subunit, SRP54p, which is homologous to the mammalian SRP54 subunit, and an RNA subunit, scR1 (ref. 3). The sec65-1 mutant yeast cells are temperature-sensitive for growth and defective in the translocation of several secreted and membrane-bound proteins. The DNA sequence of the SEC65 gene suggests that its product is related to mammalian SRP19 subunit and may have a similar function. Here we show that SEC65p is a subunit of the S. cerevisiae SRP and that it is required for the stable association of another subunit, SRP54p, with SRP. Overexpression of SRP54p suppresses both growth and protein translocation defects in sec65-1 mutant cells.     

北京鸭红细胞超氧化物歧化酶—分离纯化和性质

采用氯仿—乙醇分级分离,丙酮沉淀以及DE-32纤维素柱层析的方法,从北京鸭红细胞中分离得到纯的铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu·Zn-SOD)。4升鸭血红细胞的SOD制品总活力为375,400u,比活力为13,410u/mg蛋白,回收率为64％。 铜锌超氧化物歧化酶制品呈淡蓝绿色,最大紫外吸收波长为258nm。测得该酶分子量为32,000,亚基分子量为16,000。该酶亚基由150个氨基酸残基组成,不含色氨酸,并测得它的N—末端氨基酸为丙氨酸。     

Evidence for cooperative interactions in potassium channel gating.

Cloning and expression of voltage-activated potassium ion-channel complementary DNAs has confirmed that these channels are composed of four identical subunits, each containing a voltage sensor. It has been generally accepted that the voltage sensors must reach a permissive state through one or more conformational ('gating') transitions before the channel can open. To test whether each subunit gates independently, we have constructed cDNAs encoding four subunits on a single polypeptide chain, enabling us to specify the subunit stoichiometry. The gating of heterotetramers made up from combinations of subunits with different gating phenotypes strongly suggests that individual subunits gate cooperatively, rather than independently. Nonindependent subunit gating is consistent with measurements of the kinetics of K(+)-channel gating currents and in line with the widespread subunit cooperativity observed in other multisubunit proteins.     

Vasoregulation by the beta1 subunit of the calcium-activated potassium channel

Small arteries exhibit tone, a partially contracted state that is an important determinant of blood pressure. In arterial smooth muscle cells, intracellular calcium paradoxically controls both contraction and relaxation. The mechanisms by which calcium can differentially regulate diverse physiological responses within a single cell remain unresolved. Calcium-dependent relaxation is mediated by local calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These 'calcium sparks' activate calcium-dependent potassium (BK) channels comprised of alpha and beta1 subunits. Here we show that targeted deletion of the gene for the beta1 subunit leads to a decrease in the calcium sensitivity of BK channels, a reduction in functional coupling of calcium sparks to BK channel activation, and increases in arterial tone and blood pressure. The beta1 subunit of the BK channel, by tuning the channel's calcium sensitivity, is a key molecular component in translating calcium signals to the central physiological function of vasoregulation.     

Specific inhibition of herpesvirus ribonucleotide reductase by synthetic peptides

Ribonucleotide reductase is an essential enzyme for DNA synthesis in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; it catalyses the reductive conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. Several herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, pseudorabies virus (PRV), equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been found to induce novel ribonucleotide reductase activities. There is evidence that the HSV-1 ribonucleotide reductase activity is virus-encoded and essential for virus replication. This makes herpesvirus ribonucleotide reductases potential targets for antiviral chemotherapy. The HSV-1-encoded enzyme consists of two subunits: V136, the large subunit of relative molecular mass (Mr) 136,000 (136K) (RR1), which has been shown to be essential for enzyme activity, and V38, the small subunit (RR2) which forms a complex with the large subunit and is also likely to be essential for enzyme activity. Two particular features of the enzyme make it an attractive antiviral target. First, there is evidence for a common, highly conserved herpesvirus ribonucleotide reductase and second, the interaction between the large and small subunits may itself be exploitable. Here we identify a synthetic peptide which specifically inhibits the activity of virus-induced enzyme. We deduce that the mechanism of inhibition involves interference with the normal interaction between the two types of subunit.     

Crystal structure of the sodium-potassium pump

The Na+,K+-ATPase generates electrochemical gradients for sodium and potassium that are vital to animal cells, exchanging three sodium ions for two potassium ions across the plasma membrane during each cycle of ATP hydrolysis. Here we present the X-ray crystal structure at 3.5 A resolution of the pig renal Na+,K+-ATPase with two rubidium ions bound (as potassium congeners) in an occluded state in the transmembrane part of the alpha-subunit. Several of the residues forming the cavity for rubidium/potassium occlusion in the Na+,K+-ATPase are homologous to those binding calcium in the Ca2+-ATPase of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum. The beta- and gamma-subunits specific to the Na+,K+-ATPase are associated with transmembrane helices alphaM7/alphaM10 and alphaM9, respectively. The gamma-subunit corresponds to a fragment of the V-type ATPase c subunit. The carboxy terminus of the alpha-subunit is contained within a pocket between transmembrane helices and seems to be a novel regulatory element controlling sodium affinity, possibly influenced by the membrane potential.