Study on the photosynthetic performances of Enteromorpha prolifera collected from the surface and bottom of the sea of Qingdao sea area

In this work, the photosynthetic performances of Enteromorpha prolifera thalli collected from the surface and bottom of the sea of Qingdao sea area were studied with chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygraph technology. The samples with the highest photosynthetic activity among their kinds, the floating thalli from the sea surface of the south of the Qingdao Olympic Sailing Center and the sedimentary thalli from the mud surface of the bottom Tuandao bay, were chosen as representatives of surface thalli and bottom thalli, respectively. The results showed that the maximal PSII quantum yield of the floating thalli was significantly lower than the normal level although their photosynthetic activities were relatively high; the photosynthetic potential of the thalli form the mud surface was extremely low. Thus, it is indicated that the floating thalli are seriously stressed by their environment and the thalli from the mud surface are already dead or are dying. On the other hand, the results of the laboratory cultivation showed that the sedimentary thalli cannot regain normal photosynthetic activity even under normal illumination conditions. Thus, the thalli from the mud surface cannot become reproductive source of the alga even if they can reach sea surface again. Therefore, a preliminary conclusion can be reached that, up to mid-July 2008, the environmental conditions of the Qingdao sea area are not suitable for the growth of the alga E. prolifera and for this reason the biomass of E. prolifera, in the area, could be declining. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30830015), Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program in the Eleventh Five-year Plan Period (Grant No. 2006BAD09A04) and National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA10A402, 2007AA09Z406, 2006AA05Z112, 2006AA10A413)     

Simulation study on optimal currents and winds for the spaceborne SAR mapping of sea bottom topography

A simulation model for the radar backscattering cross section of the sea surface has been developed based on the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mechanism of the sea bottom topography. The relationship between tidal currents, sea surface winds and the SAR mapping of the sea bottom topography has been analyzed using the results of the simulation. It is shown that the sea bottom topography can be observed by spaceborne SAR more easily at high current speeds. The optimal direction of the currents for mapping the sea bottom topography is the direction perpendicular to the bathymetric features while the direction parallel to the bathymetric features is the worst. The optimal range of wind speeds for mapping the sea bottom topography is between 3 and 9 m/s. The wind directions between 30° and 89° are preferred although the effect of the wind direction on SAR mapping of bottom topography is complicated.     

光照对坛紫菜生长和无机碳利用的影响

］以坛紫菜Z-61品系为研究材料,分析坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体在三种光强（10,50,500 μmol·m-2·s-1）下的应答。发现:1）坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体的光系统 Ⅱ 最大量子产量及叶绿素a和藻红蛋白的含量都随光强增加而降低,但净光合速率、最大光合速率、胞外碳酸酐酶活性和总碳酸酐酶活性则随光强增加而增加。2）当光强从10 μmol·m-2·s-1增加到500 μmol·m-2·s-1时,坛紫菜叶状体的生长速率约增加77%;丝状体的生长速率先增加后降低,在光强500 μmol·m-2·s-1下达到最低,比在10 μmol·m-2·s-1下显著下降了约90%。3）在三种光强下,坛紫菜叶状体的最大光合速率、光系统 Ⅱ 最大量子产量和生长速率都大幅高于丝状体。这些结果表明:坛紫菜的光系统 Ⅱ、光合作用与生长对光强的应答并不完全一致;叶状体比丝状体更适应高光,这可能是长期进化的结果;光强可以改变坛紫菜对无机碳的吸收。     

Ploughing the deep sea floor

Bottom trawling is a non-selective commercial fishing technique whereby heavy nets and gear are pulled along the sea floor. The direct impact of this technique on fish populations and benthic communities has received much attention, but trawling can also modify the physical properties of seafloor sediments, water–sediment chemical exchanges and sediment fluxes. Most of the studies addressing the physical disturbances of trawl gear on the seabed have been undertaken in coastal and shelf environments, however, where the capacity of trawling to modify the seafloor morphology coexists with high-energy natural processes driving sediment erosion, transport and deposition. Here we show that on upper continental slopes, the reworking of the deep sea floor by trawling gradually modifies the shape of the submarine landscape over large spatial scales. We found that trawling-induced sediment displacement and removal from fishing grounds causes the morphology of the deep sea floor to become smoother over time, reducing its original complexity as shown by high-resolution seafloor relief maps. Our results suggest that in recent decades, following the industrialization of fishing fleets, bottom trawling has become an important driver of deep seascape evolution. Given the global dimension of this type of fishery, we anticipate that the morphology of the upper continental slope in many parts of the world’s oceans could be altered by intensive bottom trawling, producing comparable effects on the deep sea floor to those generated by agricultural ploughing on land.     

Exogenous carbon acquisition of photosynthesis in Porphyra haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) under emersed state

The photosynthetic performances of Porphyra haitanensis thalli were investigated in order to understand its mechanisms for exogenous carbon acquisition during emersion at low tide. The emersed photosynthesis was studied by altering the pH value in the water film on the thalli surface, treating them with carbonic anhydarase inhibitors (acetazolamide and 6-ethoxyzolamide), adjusting the CO2 concentrations in the air, and comparing the theoretical maximum CO2 supply rates within the adherent water film with the observed photosynthetic CO2 uptake rates. It was found that the principal exogenous inorganic carbon source for the photosynthesis of P. haitanensis during emersion was atmospheric CO2. The driving force of CO2 flux across the water film was the CO2 concentration gradient within it. Carbonic anhydrase accelerated both extracellular and intracellular CO2 transport. The emersed photosynthesis of P. haitanensis was limited by the present atmospheric CO2 level, and would be enhanced by atmospheric CO2 rise that would trigger global warming.     

二维激光海面漫反射能量分布特性

针对激光点对点通信方式的不足,根据实战需要提出了利用海面作为激光漫反射媒介进行组网通信的设想,并且采用前后向迭代的数值方法结合格林函数谱加速算法对激光海面漫反射通信的能量分布特性进行了研究.通过仿真计算和实验验证,得出了二维激光海面双站散射系数,并对激光光束入射海面后的散射场进行了分析.结果表明:入射激光束经过粗糙海面散射后,能量大部分集中在前向散射区域上,而后向散射强度很弱,并且在散射场的边缘处能量迅速衰减,说明激光海面漫反射组网通信方法是可行的.     

青岛外海沉积物中磷的分布

通过对青岛外海柱状沉积物中总磷、溶解磷、无机磷、有机磷的测定和结果分析,揭示沉积物中磷的存在形态和分布特征。结果表明青岛外海沉积物以无机磷为主,有机磷次之。由于受海流影响和生物扰动,柱状样品中磷的含量产生一定的波动,但总体趋势还是表层沉积物总磷、有机磷的含量略高,随深度增加有减少的趋势,无机磷呈现自上而下增大的趋势。     

南中国海海表风速长期变化趋势

利用CCMP风场,计算了1988~2009年南中国海海表风速的变化趋势以及变化趋势的区域性差异、季节性差异。结果表明,1988~2009年,南中国海的海表风速整体上以0.038 6 m/(s·a）的速度显著性逐年线性递增;近22年期间,南中国海海表风速的变化趋势表现出较大的区域性差异,大部分海域的海表风速呈显著性逐年线性递增趋势,为0.03~0.15 m/(s·a）,呈显著性线性递减的趋势分布于台湾东部和菲律宾周边的一些零星海域,无显著性变化趋势的海域分布于南中国海12°N附近一带状海域、中南半岛东南海域一椭圆形海域;南中国海海表风速的变化趋势表现出很大的季节性差异。     

云南5月雨量与全球海温的关系分析研究

 通过对海温与云南全省、云南东部和云南西部5月雨量的相关分析发现:海温对云南5月降水在时空上有很好的相关.5月降水与头年11月和同期太平洋海表温度存在有相同的‘-+-+’的相关分布型.印度洋北部对云南东部的影响更显著,而大西洋北部对西部的影响更显著.西部5月雨量与海表温度的相关总体不如东部的好,西部与东部最大的差异是在热带太平洋上.通过头年1月南大西洋海温可对来年云南5月降水进行预测.     

西北太平洋环流和海温数值模拟

基于Ecom-si建立了一个西北太平洋海洋数值模式,综合考虑了侧边界通量、海表面风应力、热通量、蒸发和降水等因素,模拟并分析了西北太平洋环流和海温的基本特征.模式验证结果表明,模式计算的海温与日本2008年西北太平洋实测温度走航断面资料吻合良好.模式再现了低纬度海区表层自东向西流动的北赤道流、强西边界流黑潮、东海的台湾...     

雷达海杂波反演大气折射率剖面试验分析

讨论了基于5参数法的大气折射率剖面反演技术,利用雷达海杂波携带的传播路径上的环境信息反演大气折射率剖面．通过在我国部分海区试验情况,以某天同时存在表面波导和蒸发波导为例进行验证．试验结果表明：反演值与实际测量值在有效范围内,验证了5参数法反演大气折射率剖面技术在我国海区的适应性．此方法克服了海上条件下大气折射率剖面难于测量的困难,具有实时、方便、易行的特点．     

长江口及其邻近海域洪季悬沙分布特征分析

基于近几年大量的实测资料,对长江口及其邻近海域洪季期间悬沙浓度的时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,悬沙浓度空间上以杭州湾测点最高,其次是长江口内、长江口外,舟山海域最低;悬沙平面分布总体态势为近岸高而外海低;长江口纵向上自口内经口门向口外悬沙浓度大致呈“低-高-低”分布,沿杭州湾测点则由西向东逐渐降低;横向比较长江口外海滨四个测点发现其悬沙浓度自北向南顺次升高;悬沙浓度一般由表及底逐渐增大,但在不同水域其主要呈现的垂线结构类型则有所不同.时间上由于潮流的大小潮和潮周期变化,悬沙浓度还存在大小潮和涨落潮周期变化.另外,对长江口及其邻近海域悬沙浓度时空分布特征的原因进行了初步分析.     

Effects of autumn-winter Arctic sea ice on winter Siberian High

The intensity of the winter Siberian High has significantly negative correlations with Arctic sea ice concentration anomalies from the previous autumn to winter seasons in the Eastern Arctic Ocean and Siberian marginal seas. Our results indicate that autumn-winter Arctic sea ice concentration and concurrent sea surface temperature anomalies are responsible for the winter Siberian High and surface air temperature anomalies over the mid-high latitudes of Eurasia and East Asia. Numerical experiments also support this conclusion, and consistently show that the low sea ice concentration causes negative surface air temperature anomalies over the mid-high latitudes of Eurasia. A mechanism is proposed to explain the association between autumn-winter sea ice concentration and winter Siberian High. Our results also show that September sea ice concentration provides a potential precursor for winter Siberian High that cannot be predicted using only tropical sea surface temperatures. In the last two decades (1990–2009), a strengthening trend of winter Siberian High along with a decline trend in surface air temperature in the mid-high latitudes of the Asian Continent have favored the recent frequent cold winters over East Asia. The reason for these short-term trends in winter Siberian High and surface air temperature are discussed.     

青岛海域固氮细菌的系统发育多样性研究

采用严格人工无氮海水培养基富集、分离培养方法及用3对固氮基因(nifH)引物进行PCR检测,从青岛近海沉积物和海水中分离到16株异养型可培养海洋固氮细菌,经16S rDNA全序列测定分析了它们的系统发育多样性。结果显示,16株菌分布于Alphaproteobacteria、Gammaproteobacteria、Flavobacteria的3个纲中,分别代表着6个属、10个种,其中有50%归于Pseudoalteromonas属;海底沉积物中固氮菌的多样性要远高于海水,并在其中发现2个潜在新种。研究表明,青岛近海海域的固氮菌具有一定程度的多样性,它们大部分在系统发育关系上与分离自韩国、南极洲、新喀里多尼岛等海水的标准菌高度同源,但也存在少量潜在新物种。结果可为其他不同海域异养固氮菌的多样性及其生态功能研究提供有益参考。     

Mean sea surface heights of the South and East China Seas from ocean circulation model and geodetic leveling

The mean sea surface heights (sea surface topography) of the South China, East China, Yellow and Bohai Seas are derived from an ocean general circulation model and surface air pressure. The circulation model covers the global oceans, with fine grid (1/6°) covering the East Asian marginal seas and coarse grid (3°) covering the rest part of the global oceans. The result shows that the China 1985 National Altitude Datum is 24.7 cm above the mean sea surface height of the world oceans. The mean sea surface in the coastal ocean adjacent to China is higher in the south than in the north. Intercomparison of the model results with the geodetic leveling measurements at 28 coastal tidal stations shows a standard deviation of 4.8 cm and a fitting coefficient of 95.3%. After correction through linear regression, the standard deviation is reduced to 4.5 cm. This indicates that the accuracy of model results is sufficient for practical application. Based on the model results, the mean sea surface heights for the study area with a resolution of 1/6 degree are given. This result also links the mean sea levels at islands with those on the mainland coast and gives the mean sea surface heights at tidal stations in the Taiwan Island, the Dongsha Islands, the Xisha Islands and the Nansha Islands relative to the China 1985 National Altitude Datum.     

海砂氯离子溶出机制和模型研究

为研究海砂淡化过程中氯离子的溶出机制，采用海砂淡化试验分析不同淡化方法下溶出氯离子量与淡化时间、水砂质量比的关系；在此基础上，考虑海砂氯离子分布及溶出特征，以Fick定律推导的溶解扩散理论为基础，建立同时考虑海砂表面氯离子溶解和内部氯离子释放的溶出模型，并对模型进行了验证。结果表明：海砂氯离子溶出模型可以较好地描述海砂氯离子的溶出过程，能够反应淡化时间和水砂质量比对海砂淡化效果的影响。     

高盐胁迫对坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)叶状体光合作用的影响

坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)具有极强的耐高盐胁迫能力,但其耐盐机理尚不明确。检测了不同高盐（100、110）胁迫处理不同时间（0,4,8,24 h）时坛紫菜Z-61藻体的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和净光合作用,并选取高盐胁迫4 h后的藻体提取RNA,采用第二代高通量测序技术分析正常盐度（对照组,30）与高盐胁迫处理的坛紫菜叶状体转录组数据,探究坛紫菜响应高盐胁迫过程中的光合生理机制。结果发现:盐度100对坛紫菜藻体Fv/Fm无显著影响;而盐度110下,藻体Fv/Fm逐渐下降至0,但转移至对照海水后其仍能恢复到初始水平,可将110称之为“亚致死”（sub-lethal）盐度;当盐度增加至120时,藻体Fv/Fm急剧下降至0,且转移到对照海水中不能恢复,即120是致死的盐度。转录组数据显示,高盐胁迫下的转录本与对照组有很大差异,光合作用相关基因在高盐胁迫下显著上调表达,包括多条碳酸酐酶基因和天线蛋白基因,并且在盐度100胁迫下其上调趋势更为明显。以上结果说明:坛紫菜在耐受盐度100条件下可以通过积极提高光合作用相关基因的表达,维持光合活性,为藻体生长提供物质和能量;而在亚致死盐度110条件下,坛紫菜光合活性逐渐下降,光合基因表达受到抑制,活性氧的产生减少,避免藻体细胞遭受过氧化损伤。这说明坛紫菜可以通过积极响应调节光合系统来应答高盐胁迫。     

海砂型氯离子与水泥胶体的结合和机理

为了研究海砂中氯离子对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性影响,分析氯离子对结构中钢筋的腐蚀作用,将海砂引入氯离子的形式从传统的内掺型中剥离出来,采用NaCl溶液浸泡河砂模拟海砂,研究氯离子与水泥胶体的结合机理,并结合SEM微观实验和EDS的元素扫描结果,对氯离子在砂子周围的发布、结合规律作了描述.实验表明:水泥稳定后与氯离子的结合率在60%左右,海砂型与内掺型氯离子结合、传播方式有所不同,海砂型引入的氯离子存在一个从海砂表面到水泥凝胶内部的渗透过程,在此基础上提出海砂型氯盐侵蚀的概念,基于微观试验结果讨论了其结合和传播机理.     

Effect of remote sea surface temperature change on tropical cyclone potential intensity

The response of tropical cyclone activity to global warming is widely debated. It is often assumed that warmer sea surface temperatures provide a more favourable environment for the development and intensification of tropical cyclones, but cyclone genesis and intensity are also affected by the vertical thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere. Here we use climate models and observational reconstructions to explore the relationship between changes in sea surface temperature and tropical cyclone 'potential intensity'--a measure that provides an upper bound on cyclone intensity and can also reflect the likelihood of cyclone development. We find that changes in local sea surface temperature are inadequate for characterizing even the sign of changes in potential intensity, but that long-term changes in potential intensity are closely related to the regional structure of warming; regions that warm more than the tropical average are characterized by increased potential intensity, and vice versa. We use this relationship to reconstruct changes in potential intensity over the twentieth century from observational reconstructions of sea surface temperature. We find that, even though tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures are currently at a historical high, Atlantic potential intensity probably peaked in the 1930s and 1950s, and recent values are near the historical average. Our results indicate that--per unit local sea surface temperature change--the response of tropical cyclone activity to natural climate variations, which tend to involve localized changes in sea surface temperature, may be larger than the response to the more uniform patterns of greenhouse-gas-induced warming.     

Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs

Climate models with increased levels of carbon dioxide predict that global warming causes heating in the tropics, but investigations of ancient climates based on palaeodata have generally indicated cool tropical temperatures during supposed greenhouse episodes. For example, in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs there is abundant geological evidence for warm, mostly ice-free poles, but tropical sea surface temperatures are generally estimated to be only 15-23 degrees C, based on oxygen isotope palaeothermometry of surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifer shells. Here we question the validity of most such data on the grounds of poor preservation and diagenetic alteration. We present new data from exceptionally well preserved foraminifer shells extracted from impermeable clay-rich sediments, which indicate that for the intervals studied, tropical sea surface temperatures were at least 28-32 degrees C. These warm temperatures are more in line with our understanding of the geographical distributions of temperature-sensitive fossil organisms and the results of climate models with increased CO2 levels.